A review on the eco-epidemiology and clinical management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis and its agent in Europe

Table 2 The seroprevalence of HGA in different tick exposure risk groups in Europe

Country	Location	Prevalence (%)	Total examined	Group	Method	References
Austria	Tyrol	2.62	191	TBD suspected	IFAT	[94]
Belgium	–	30.96	1350	TBD suspected	IFAT	[96]
Belgium	Walloon	14.20	148	Exposed workers	ELISA	[82]
	Namur	17.20	209	Blood donors
	Brussels	14.50	193	Blood donors
Czech Republic	Central Bohemia	15.15	66	EM patients	PCR; Seq	[100]
Czech Republic	Central Bohemia	18.18	66	EM patients	IFAT	[100]
France	–	0.01	141,007		IFAT	[125]
France	–	1.01	399		PCR	[125]
France	Alsace	20.00	15		IFAT; PCR	[102]
France	Alsace	2.60	2908	Forest workers	ELISA	[123]
	Lorraine	1.30
	Champagne-Ardenne	1.40
	Bourgogne	1.00
	Franche-Comté	2.30
Germany	–	4.51	422	Ab to B. burgdorferi	IFAT	[104]
Germany	–	1.20	249	Control group	IFAT	[104]
Italy	–	6.33	79		IFAT	[105]
Norway	Telemark	10.34	58	LB patients	IFAT	[107]
Norway	Telemark	1.96	51	Control group	IFAT	[107]
Norway	Sogn og Fjordane	16.28	301	Blood donors	IFAT	[127]
Poland	Pulawy	26.10	46	Forest workers	IFAT	[122]
	Lubartów	35.90	39
	Lublin	23.30	30
	Sobibór	17.00	47
	Zwierzyniec	23.60	55
	Goscieradów	13.60	44
	Lublin	5.4	56	Blood donors
Poland	Lublin	20.63	63	Forest workers	IFAT	[119]
Poland	–	9.1	450	Endemic area	IFAT	[120]
Poland	–	2	50	Blood donors	IFAT	[120]
Poland	Białystok	3.9	231	Forest workers	IFAT	[121]
Poland	Roztocze	17.7	113	Forest workers	IFAT	[76]
Poland	Lublin	5.4	56	Blood donors	IFAT	[76]
Poland	–	10.91	110	TBE	PCR	[110]
Slovakia	–	25	76	TBD suspected	IFAT	[111]
Slovenia	–	60.87	46		PCR; Seq	[32]
Sweden	Koster Island	11.35	185		IFAT	[114]
Sweden	–	9.70	206	TBD suspected	IFAT	[116]
Switzerland	–	0.54	373	Newborns	IFAT	[81]
		1.13	530	Blood donors
		8.91	258	Hunters
		12.75	149	Ab to B. burgdorferi
		19.51	205	Ab to TBE

Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; TBD, tick borne disease; EM, erythema migrans; LB, Lyme borreliosis; Seq, sequencing

ISSN: 1756-3305