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Fig. 2 | Parasites & Vectors

Fig. 2

From: In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory properties of octyl-β-d-galactofuranoside during Leishmania donovani infection

Fig. 2

Immunomodulatory effect of Galf on human macrophages in vitro. mRNA expression of IL-12 (a), TNF-α (b), IL-1β (c), MCP-1 (d), CXCL-10 (e), NF-ƙB (f), iNOS (g) and IL-10 (h) was evaluated after 24 h of treatment by Galf. Human M0 macrophages were infected overnight with L. donovani promastigotes (MOI 10:1) at stationary phase, or left uninfected. Cells were treated with Galf at 80 µM for 24 h or left untreated (control group). Cells were lysed immediately before RNA extraction. After reverse transcription, mRNA induction was quantified by quantitative PCR. Data were normalized to 18S rDNA and are representative of four independent experiments. Mean inductions ± SE are represented by cross bars. Results from treated groups were compared to the untreated group using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (**P ≤0.01, ***P ≤0.001)

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