Table 3 Occurrence of single and mixed infections of microorganisms in bovine ticks from six districts of Pakistan
From: Bovine ticks harbour a diverse array of microorganisms in Pakistan
Microorganism | Overall prevalence (%) | Proportion of ticks positive for microorganisms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Okara (n = 82)a | Jhelum (n = 24) | Bahawalpur (n = 63) | Thatta (n = 14) | Sukkur (n = 25) | Layyah (n = 26) | ||
Single infection | |||||||
 Francisella-like | 40.2 | 32 | 13 | 22 | 5 | 10 | 12 |
 Piroplasms | 0.9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mixed infection with two microorganisms | |||||||
 Francisella-like + Piroplasms | 15.8 | 12 | 2 | 17 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
 Francisella-like + Ehrlichia spp. | 9.4 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
 Francisella-like + Borrelia spp. | 2.1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + Rickettsia spp. | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + A. marginale | 3.8 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + A. centrale | 0.9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + Hepatozoon spp. | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 Francisella-like + Coxiella-like | 0.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Ehrlichia spp. + Piroplasms | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 A. marginale + Piroplasms | 0.4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + A. ovis | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
 Rickettsia spp. + R. massiliae | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Mixed infection with three microorganisms | |||||||
 Francisella-like + Piroplasms + Borrelia spp. | 1.7 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + Ehrlichia spp. + Borrelia spp. | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + Ehrlichia spp. + A. centrale | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
 Francisella-like + Piroplasms + A. phagocytophilum | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + Ehrlichia spp. + Piroplasms | 6.8 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
 Francisella-like + Piroplasms + Coxiella-like | 0.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + Borrelia spp. + A. marginale | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + A. marginale + Piroplasms | 1.3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + A. ovis + Piroplasms | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + A. centrale + Piroplasms | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + R. massiliae + Rickettsia spp. | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Mixed infection with four microorganisms | |||||||
 Francisella-like + Borrelia spp. + Piroplasms + Ehrlichia spp. | 0.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + Borrelia spp. + Ehrlichia spp. + A. marginale | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + A. marginale + A. centrale + Piroplasms | 0.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + Ehrlichia spp. + Coxiella-like + Piroplasms | 0.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + Ehrlichia spp. + B. ovis + Piroplasms | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Mixed infection with five microorganisms | |||||||
 Francisella-like + Borrelia spp. + Piroplasms + Ehrlichia spp. + A. marginale | 0.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Francisella-like + A. marginale + A. centrale + Bartonella spp. + Theileria spp. | 0.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total positives per district | Â | 78 | 21 | 60 | 13 | 24 | 25 |