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Table 1 List of hookworm excretory/secretory products with an importance in host-parasite interactions

From: Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products

Molecule

GenBank

Size (aa)

Species

Stage

Location

Function

Reference

Ac-ASP-1

Q16937

424

A. caninum

L3

Unknown

Larval migration

[15]

Ac-ASP-2

AAC35986

218

A. caninum

L3

Unknown

Larval migration

[16]

Ace-ASP-1

AAN11402

425

A. ceylanicum

L3

Unknown

Larval migration

[19]

Ace-ASP-2

AAP41953

217

A. ceylanicum

L3

Unknown

Larval migration

[19]

Na-ASP-1

AAD13340

424

N. americanus

L3

Unknown

Larval migration

[15]

Na-ASP-2

AY288089

210

N. americanus

L3

Unknown

Larval migration and immunomodulation

[20, 22, 23]

Ac-ASP-3

AAO63575

200

A. caninum

Adult

Pharyngeal and esophageal glands

Unknown

[30]

Ac-ASP-4

AAO63576

508

A. caninum

Adult

Cuticle

Unknown

[30]

Ac-ASP-5

AAO63577

424

A. caninum

Adult

Intestinal microvilli

Unknown

[30]

Ac-ASP-6

AAO63578

451

A. caninum

Adult

Cephalic and excretory glands

Unknown

[30]

Ac-APc2

AAC47080

91

A. caninum

Adult

Esophagus

Factor VIIa/tissue factor complex inhibitor anticoagulant

[43, 50]

Ac-APc3

AAP57305

84

A. caninum

Adult

Esophagus

Factor VIIa/tissue factor complex inhibitor anticoagulant

[50]

Ac-APc4

AAP82926

99

A. caninum

Adult

Esophagus

Factor VIIa/tissue factor complex inhibitor anticoagulant

[50]

Ac-AP5

U30795

100

A. caninum

Adult

Cephalic glands

Factor Xa inhibitor anticoagulant

[43, 45]

Ac-AP6

AAC47081

98

A. caninum

Adult

Unknown

Factor Xa inhibitor anticoagulant

[43]

Ac-AP12

ADR77824

100

A. caninum

Adult

Esophagus

Factor Xa inhibitor anticoagulant

[51]

Ac-NAP10

ABP88128

90

A. caninum

Adult

Unknown

VIIa/tissue factor complex and Xia factor inhibitor anticoagulant

[52]

Adu-NAP4

ACD80355

104

A. duodenale

Adult

Unknown

Xa and Xia factors inhibitor anticoagulant

[53]

Ace-NAP1

AAK81733

102

A. ceylanicum

Adult

Unknown

VIIa/tissue factor complex and Xa factor inhibitor anticoagulant

[48]

Ac-HPI

AF399709

181

A. caninum

Adult

Cephalic glands

Platelet inhibitor

[47]

Ace-HPI

MK087839

200

A. ceylanicum

Adult

Esophagus; cephalic glands

Platelet inhibitor

[61]

Ac-APR-1

AAB06575

442

A. caninum

Adult and L3

Intestinal microvilli; esophagus; excretory/amphidial glands

Hb, serum, and connective tissue proteins digestion

[63, 64]

Na-APR-1

na

na

N. americanus

Adult and L3

Intestinal microvilli; esophagus; excretory/amphidial glands

Hb, serum, and connective tissue proteins digestion

[63, 66]

Us-APR-1

ACI02330

447

U. stenocephala

Adult

Unknown

Hb digestion

[67]

Na-APR-2

Q9N9H4

425

N. americanus

Adult

Gut lumen; amphidial and excretory glands

Hb and serum proteins digestion

[68]

Ac-CP-1

U18911

343

A. caninum

Adult

Esophageal, cephalic and excretory glands

Intestinal mucosal plug digestion

[70]

Ac-MTP-1

AAK62032

547

A. caninum

L3

Esophageal glands

Larval migration

[72, 73]

Ace-MTP-2

ABG49116

233

A. ceylanicum

Adult

Esophageal glands

Intestinal tissue degradation and immunomodulation

[74]

Ace-KI-1

AAD51334

84

A. ceylanicum

Adult

Subcuticle

Immunomodulation and host proteases inhibition

[78, 79]

Ac-KPI-1

AAN10061

759

A. caninum

Adult

Unknown

Unknown

[81]

Adu-TIL-1

GU951574

161

A. duodenale

Adult

Cuticle; esophagus; intestine

Neutrophil elastase and trypsin digestion

[82]

Ac-API-1

AAU29500

228

A. caninum

Adult

Pseudocoelomic fluid

Unknown

[87]

Ac-TMP-1

AF372652

140

A. caninum

Adult

Unknown

Ac-MTP-1 inhibitor and immunomodulator

[83]

Ac-TMP-2

ACB13195

244

A. caninum

Adult

Cephalic and esophageal glands

MMP inhibitors

[84]

Na-GST-1

FJ711440

206

N. americanus

Adult

Esophagus; muscles; hypodermis; gut

Heme and hematin detoxification

[90]

Na-GST-2

FJ711441

206

N. americanus

Adult

Buccal capsule; weakly in cuticle and gut

Heme and hematin detoxification

[90]

Na-GST-3

FJ711442

206

N. americanus

Adult

Buccal capsule; weakly in cuticle and gut

Heme and hematin detoxification

[90]

Ac-GST-1

AY605283

207

A. caninum

Adult

Hypodermis; muscle; weakly in intestine

Heme and hematin detoxification

[93]

Ace-GST

MN103336

155

A. ceylanicum

Adult

Cuticle; muscle; intestine

Heme and hematin detoxification

[94]

SOD

na

na

N. americanus

Adult

Unknown

Antioxidant

[104]

Ace-PRX-1

JX124321

196

A. ceylanicum

Adult

Unknown

Antioxidant and immunomodulatora

[89]

Ac-NIF

AAA27789

274

A. caninum

Adult

Unknown

Immunomodulation

[11]

Ace-MIF

ABO31935

119

A. ceylanicum

Adult and L3

Unknown

Immunomodulation

[120]

Calreticulin

AJ006790

403

N. americanus

Adult

Unknown

Complement binder and immunomodulator

[122, 123]

Ace-ES-1

AAL02424

109

A. ceylanicum

Adult

Unknown

Unknown

[124]

Ace-ES-2

AAS13463

102

A. ceylanicum

Adult

Unknown

Unknown

[125]

Na-CTL-2

AF388311

178

N. americanus

Adult

Unknown

Immunomodulationa

[131]

Ace-CTL-1

AF172652

184

A. ceylanicum

Male

Testis in male; embryo in female

Hookworm reproduction

[128]

Na-AChE

na

na

N. americanus

Adult

Amphidial and esophageal glands

Unknown

[133, 134]

Ac-FAR-1

AAM93667

181

A. caninum

Adult

Unknown

Fatty acid and retinol uptake

[143]

Ac-FAR-2

AAM97930

181

A. caninum

Adult

Unknown

Fatty acid and retinol uptake

[143]

Ace-FAR-1

EU449764

181

A. ceylanicum

Adult

Hypodermis; uterus; ovaries; testis

Fatty acid uptake for cuticle, egg and embryo development

[144]

Na-FAR-1

4UET

175

N. americanus

Adult 

Intestine; male bursa

Nutrient uptake and male reproduction

[146]

Ace-NPA

na

na

A. ceylanicum

All stages

Pseudocoelom; cuticle; hypodermis; testis

Fatty acids uptake for cuticle integrity and male reproduction

[147]

  1. aThe immunomodulatory function of these molecules has been identified in mammals or other parasites and yet to be confirmed in hookworm
  2. Note: This list includes only molecules whose cDNA or protein has been isolated, and excludes molecules exclusively identified as ESTs
  3. Abbreviation: na, not available