Fig. 3

Co-infection status (trypanosomes and piroplasms) of the study population (n = 247) and correlation with clinical parameters. a Bar plot illustrating the number of animals (n = 247) with the different number of co-infections of haemoparasites (T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax, piroplasmosis). Venn diagram illustrating the complex and varied infection status of the study population (n = 247). Co-infections with multiple haemoparasites were common. A small proportion of animals (15%, 37/247) were negative in PCR for both Trypanosoma spp. and piroplasmosis (Theileria equi/Babesia caballi). b Boxplots demonstrating haematocrit (%), pyrexia (°C) and total plasma protein (g/l) of animals with increasing number of co-infections. For each parameter the median (bold line); upper and lower IQR (upper and lower box boundary), upper whisker = min(max(x), Q3 + 1.5 × IQR), lower whisker = max(min(x), Q1 − 1.5 × IQR) where IQR = − Q3 − Q1, the box length. o indicates outliers outside the whiskers