From: Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in fresh vegetables and berry fruits
References | Product | Origin | Sample size | Oocyst recovery method | Detection method | PCR target | T. gondii prevalence (%) | No. of oocysts | Sequence confirmation | Genotyping analysis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Megrin (2010) [19] | Spinach, radish, leek, parsley, basil, green onion, dill, lettuce, cabbage, watercress, coriander, mint | Saudi Arabia | n = 470 (250 g) | Washing, centrifugation | Microscopy | na | 6.6 | nd | No | No |
Lass et al. (2012) [20] | Lettuce, strawberries, carrots, radishes | Poland | n = 216 One lettuce; 1000 g strawberries; 500 g carrots; 20 radishes | Washing, centrifugation, flocculation (CaCO3) | Real-time qPCR | B1 gene | 9.7 | 1–20/sample | No | Yes (type I and II) |
Haq et al. (2014) [21] | Cabbage, carrot, chili, coriander, cucumber, lettuce, mint, radish, tomato | Pakistan | n = 500 (200–250 g) | Washing, centrifugation, sedimentation or flotation | Microscopy | na | 1.9 | nd | No | No |
Lalonde & Gajadhar (2016) [22] | Pre-packaged or bulk spinach, lettuce, chard, collards, dandelion greens, rapini, mixed salads | Canada | n = 470 (250 g) | Washing, centrifugation, flotation (Sheather’s sucrose solution) | Real-time PCR | 18S rDNA | 0.26 | nd | Yes | No |
Marchioro et al. (2016) [23] | Organic and nonorganic: crisp lettuce, regular lettuce, chicory, rocket, parsley | Brazil | n = 1171 (35 g) | Washing, filtration (0.3 mm cellulose ester membrane), centrifugation | Conventional PCR | B1 gene/ 529 bp REP | 2.9/0.8 | nd | No | No |
Caradonna et al. (2016) [24] | Ready-to-eat packaged salads | Italy | n = 238 (50 g) | Washing, centrifugation | Microscopy, qPCR, sequencing | B1 gene | 0.8 | 62–554/g | Yes | Yes (type I) |
Ferreira et al. (2018) [25] | Crisp lettuce, arugula, chicory, chives, purple lettuce, spinach, chard | Brazil | n = 470 (250 g) | Washing, filtration (two layers of gauze), centrifugation | Conventional PCR | 529 bp REP | 12.9 | nd | No | No |
Slany et al. (2019) [26] | Carrot, cucumber, lettuce | Czech Republic | n = 648 (100 g) | Washing, centrifugation | Triplex qPCR | B1 gene and 529 bp REP | 9.6 | 1–900/g | No | Type II |
Present study | RTE/packaged and bulk (organic and nonorganic: lettuce, watercress, coriander, parsley, carrots, arugula, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, mixed salads) | Portugal, Spain | n = 35 (64–3600 g) | IDEXX Filta-Max® filtration EPA method1623.1 | Microscopy, conventional PCR, qPCR, restriction enzyme, sequencing | 529 bp REP | 40.0 | 1–180/g | Yes | No |