Table 1 Environmental and land cover predictors used to model Culicoides abundance

Modis (Fourier-transformed) (2001–2012)

MIR

Mid-infrared

dLST

Daytime land surface temperature

nLST

Night-time land surface temperature

NDVI

Normalised difference vegetation index

EVI

Enhanced vegetation index

Bioclim^b (1960–1990)

BIO 1

Annual mean temperature

BIO 2

Mean diurnal range: mean of monthly (max. temp - min. temp)

BIO 3

Isothermality (BIO 2/BIO 7) (×100)

BIO 4^a

Temperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100)

BIO 5^a

Max. temperature of warmest month

BIO 6^a

Min. temperature of coldest month

BIO 7

Temperature annual range (BIO 5 – BIO 6)

BIO 8

Mean temperature of wettest quarter

BIO 9^a

Mean temperature of driest quarter

BIO 10^a

Mean temperature of warmest quarter

BIO 11^a

Mean temperature of coldest quarter

BIO 12^a

Annual precipitation

BIO 13

Precipitation of wettest month

BIO 14

Precipitation of driest month

BIO 15

Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation)

BIO 16^a

Precipitation of wettest quarter

BIO 17^a

Precipitation of driest quarter

BIO 18

Precipitation of warmest quarter

BIO 19

Precipitation of coldest quarter

Altitude

Digital elevation model (DEM)

Corine Land Cover^c

CLC 12

Non-irrigated arable land

CLC 13

Permanently irrigated land

CLC 18

Pastures

CLC 19

Annual crops associated with permanent crops

CLC 20

Complex cultivation patterns

CLC 21

Land principally occupied by agriculture with significant areas of natural vegetation

CLC 22

Agro-forestry areas

CLC 23

Broad-leaved forest

CLC 24

Coniferous forest

CLC 25

Mixed forest

CLC 26

Natural grasslands

CLC 29

Transitional woodland-shrub

CLC 35

Inland marshes

CLC 40

Water courses

CLC 41

Water bodies