Chagas vectors Panstrongylus chinai (Del Ponte, 1929) and Panstrongylus howardi (Neiva, 1911): chromatic forms or true species?

Table 4 Sexual dimorphism within and between species

Sexual dimorphism	Species	Heads P-value (F vs M)	Wings P-value (F vs M)
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD)
Mean	P. chinai	ns	0.030*
Mean	P. howardi	ns	ns
Variance	P. chinai	ns	ns
Variance	P. howardi	0.040*	ns
Comparisons of SSD between taxa (bootstraps)
Mean		ns	ns
Variance		ns	ns
Sexual shape dimorphism (SShD)
Mahalanobis	P. chinai	< 0.0001*	0.001*
	P. howardi	< 0.0001*	ns
Comparison of SShD between taxa
dc	P. chinai	0.036	0.017
dh	P. howardi	0.031	0.011
dc-dh		ns	ns
Angle dc/dh		ns	ns

*P < 0.05
Abbreviations: P, risk of error estimated according to non-parametric technique based on permutation tests (1000 runs); ns, not significant; Mahalanobis, shape differences between sexes according to the Mahalanobis distances; dc, the magnitude of shape change between sexes according to the Procrustes distance for P. chinai; dh the magnitude of shape change between sexes according to the Procrustes distance for P. howardi (“dh”); Angle dc/dh, change in the direction of shape differences between sexes; F, female; M, male

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