Table 1 Characteristics of surveillance sites used for insecticide resistance monitoring
Region | District | History of insecticide use |
|---|---|---|
Kayes | Kayes | Intense use of insecticides for agriculture. Crops include cotton and ground nuts, sorghum, maize, rice, millet, sweet potatoes, beans and various vegetables. |
Kita | ||
Koulikoro | Koulikoro | Annual IRS with lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid) 2008–2011, bendiocarb (carbamate) 2011–2014 and pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate) 2014–2016. |
Fana | Single round of IRS with pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate) in 2016. | |
Kati | Irrigated agriculture including cotton, groundnuts and tobacco. Use of insecticides to control Simulium damnosum larvae (blackfly). | |
Segou | Niono | Large areas of irrigated rice agriculture and pesticide use. |
Bla | IRS with pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate) in 2014. | |
Baroueli | Annual IRS with lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid) 2008–2011, bendiocarb (carbamate) 2011–2014 and pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate) 2014–2016. | |
Sikasso | Bougouni | Intense use of insecticides for growing of cotton. |
Sélingué | Irrigated agriculture and pesticide use. Crops include various vegetables and fruits. | |
Kadiolo | ||
Mopti | Bandiangara | IRS with pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate) in 2017 and 2018. |
Mopti | ||
Bankass | ||
Djenné | IRS with pirimiphos-methyl (organophosphate) in 2017 and clothianidin (neonicotinoid) in 2018. | |
Bamako | Bamako | Urban areas where domestic personal protection is used (insecticide aerosols, coils). |