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Table 2 Results for the comparison of demographic, socioeconomic and landscape factors between the case and control groups by Chi-square test

From: Socioeconomic, demographic and landscape factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kurunegala District, Sri Lanka

Factor

Case

n (%)

Control

n (%)

χ2

P-value

Age (years)

    

< 15

9 (8.91)

1 (0.99)

24.690

0.001

15–25

8 (7.92)

5 (4.95)

26–35

23 (22.77)

51 (50.49)

36–45

22 (21.78)

21 (20.79)

46–55

18 (17.82)

13 (12.87)

56–65

10 (9.90)

7 (6.93)

66–75

8 (7.92)

1 (0.99)

76–85

3 (2.97)

2(1.98)

Gender

 Male

56 (55.45)

82 (81.19)

15.461

< 0.001

 Female

45 (44.55)

19 (18.81)

Marital status

 Married

84 (83.17)

94 (93.07)

4.728

0.030

 Unmarried

17 (16.83)

7 (6.93)

Family size

 1–3

58 (57.43)

49 (48.51)

1.668

0.434

 4–6

41 (40.59)

49 (48.51)

 > 6

2 (1.98)

3 (2.98)

Education

 Grade 1–4

6 (5.94)

2 (1.98)

4.259

0.642

 Grade 5

23 (22.77)

27 (26.73)

 O/L

46 (45.54)

53 (52.48)

 A/L

20 (19.80)

16 (15.84)

 Higher education

2 (1.98

1 (0.99)

 None

4 (3.96)

2 (1.98)

Major occupation

 Armed forces

3 (2.98)

6 (5.94)

24.429

0.005

 Transport service worker (driver/conductor)

6 (5.94)

4 (3.96)

 Farmer

33 (32.67)

29 (28.71)

 Government server

5 (4.95)

9 (8.91)

 Labourer

2 (1.98)

3 (2.98)

 Mason

6 (5.94)

16 (15.84)

 Private sector employee

3 (2.98)

7 (6.93)

 Self employed

8 (7.92)

13 (12.87)

 Housewife

29 (28.71)

8 (7.92)

 Student

6 (5.94)

6 (5.94)

Monthly income Rs. (USD)

 < 10,000 (< 56.76)

20 (19.80)

3 (2.98)

15.372

0.002

 10,001–20,000 (56.76–113.52)

33 (32.67)

41 (40.59)

 20,001–30,000 (113.52–170.28)

27 (26.73)

26 (25.74)

 > 30,000 (> 170.28)

21 (20.79)

31 (30.69)

 House condition

 Poor

11 (10.89)

13 (12.87)

2.745

0.253

 Moderate

52 (51.49)

61 (60.40)

 Good

38 (37.62)

27 (26.73)

Decaying garbage

 Present

57 (56.44)

25 (24.75)

20.559

<0.001

 Absent

44 (43.56)

76 (75.25)

Termite hills

 Present

45 (44.55)

34 (33.66)

9.272

<0.05

 Absent

56 (55.45)

67 (66.34)

Manna bushes

 Present

50 (49.50)

43 (42.57)

0.741

0.389

 Absent

51 (50.50)

58 (57.43)

Water streams

  Present

47 (46.53)

60 (60.40)

3.358

0.067

 Absent

54 (53.47)

41 (39.60)

Unclear areas

 Present

63 (62.38)

40 (39.60)

10.070

< 0.05

 Absent

38 (37.62)

61 (60.40)

Areas with wet soil

 Present

52 (51.49)

30 (29.70)

9.936

< 0.05

 Absent

49 (48.51)

71 (70.30)

Gardening areas

 Present

50 (49.50)

26 (25.74)

11.806

0.001

 Absent

51 (50.50)

75 (74.26)

Animals owned or frequently visiting the home harden and household

 Dogs

77 (76.24)

51 (50.50)

8.891

0.180

 Cats

36 (35.64)

17 (16.83)

 Cattle

8 (7.92)

8 (7.92)

 Chicken

2 (1.98)

4 (3.96)

 Wild boar

12 (11.88)

4 (3.96)

 Monkeys

2 (1.98)

0 (0)

 Rodents

13 (12.87)

3 (2.98)

Heard of the disease? (before the infection)

 Yes

25 (24.75)

66 (65.35)

33.617

< 0.001

 No

76 (75.25)

35 (34.65)

If yes, source

 TV/radio

3 (12.00)

8 (12.12)

36.816

< 0.001

 Printed media

1 (4.00)

2 (3.03)

 Friend

19 (76.00)

39 (59.09)

 Health worker

2 (8.00)

17 (25.75)

Seen a patient? (before infection)

 Yes

16 (15.84)

43 (42.57)

17.454

< 0.001

 No

85 (84.16)

58 (57.43)

If yes, source?

 Village

15 (93.75)

37 (86.05)

16.802

< 0.001

 Outside village

1 (6.25)

4 (9.30)

 TV/printed media

0 (0.00)

2 (4.65)

Causative organism

 Correct

2 (1.98)

0 (0)

2.020

0.155

 Wrong

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Unaware

99 (98.02)

101 (100)

Mode of transmission

 Correct

20 (19.80)

1 (0.99)

6.000

0.199

 Wrong

3 (2.98)

8 (7.92)

 Unaware

78 (77.22)

92 (91.09)

Method of diagnosis

 Correct

1 (0.99)

0 (0)

1.005

0.316

 Unaware

100 (99.01)

101 (100)

Peak biting time

 Correct

5 (4.95)

0 (0)

6.184

0.045

 Wrong

1 (0.99)

0 (0)

 Unaware

95 (94.06)

101 (100)

Protective measures

 Correct

5 (4.95)

2 (1.98)

2.451

0.294

 Wrong

11 (10.89)

7 (6.93)

 Unaware

85 (84.16)

92 (91.09)

  1. Note: P < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant result