Factor | Case n (%) | Control n (%) | χ2 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
< 15 | 9 (8.91) | 1 (0.99) | 24.690 | 0.001 | |
15–25 | 8 (7.92) | 5 (4.95) | |||
26–35 | 23 (22.77) | 51 (50.49) | |||
36–45 | 22 (21.78) | 21 (20.79) | |||
46–55 | 18 (17.82) | 13 (12.87) | |||
56–65 | 10 (9.90) | 7 (6.93) | |||
66–75 | 8 (7.92) | 1 (0.99) | |||
76–85 | 3 (2.97) | 2(1.98) | |||
Gender | |||||
 Male | 56 (55.45) | 82 (81.19) | 15.461 | < 0.001 | |
 Female | 45 (44.55) | 19 (18.81) | |||
Marital status | |||||
 Married | 84 (83.17) | 94 (93.07) | 4.728 | 0.030 | |
 Unmarried | 17 (16.83) | 7 (6.93) | |||
Family size | |||||
 1–3 | 58 (57.43) | 49 (48.51) | 1.668 | 0.434 | |
 4–6 | 41 (40.59) | 49 (48.51) | |||
 > 6 | 2 (1.98) | 3 (2.98) | |||
Education | |||||
 Grade 1–4 | 6 (5.94) | 2 (1.98) | 4.259 | 0.642 | |
 Grade 5 | 23 (22.77) | 27 (26.73) | |||
 O/L | 46 (45.54) | 53 (52.48) | |||
 A/L | 20 (19.80) | 16 (15.84) | |||
 Higher education | 2 (1.98 | 1 (0.99) | |||
 None | 4 (3.96) | 2 (1.98) | |||
Major occupation | |||||
 Armed forces | 3 (2.98) | 6 (5.94) | 24.429 | 0.005 | |
 Transport service worker (driver/conductor) | 6 (5.94) | 4 (3.96) | |||
 Farmer | 33 (32.67) | 29 (28.71) | |||
 Government server | 5 (4.95) | 9 (8.91) | |||
 Labourer | 2 (1.98) | 3 (2.98) | |||
 Mason | 6 (5.94) | 16 (15.84) | |||
 Private sector employee | 3 (2.98) | 7 (6.93) | |||
 Self employed | 8 (7.92) | 13 (12.87) | |||
 Housewife | 29 (28.71) | 8 (7.92) | |||
 Student | 6 (5.94) | 6 (5.94) | |||
Monthly income Rs. (USD) | |||||
 < 10,000 (< 56.76) | 20 (19.80) | 3 (2.98) | 15.372 | 0.002 | |
 10,001–20,000 (56.76–113.52) | 33 (32.67) | 41 (40.59) | |||
 20,001–30,000 (113.52–170.28) | 27 (26.73) | 26 (25.74) | |||
 > 30,000 (> 170.28) | 21 (20.79) | 31 (30.69) | |||
 House condition | |||||
 Poor | 11 (10.89) | 13 (12.87) | 2.745 | 0.253 | |
 Moderate | 52 (51.49) | 61 (60.40) | |||
 Good | 38 (37.62) | 27 (26.73) | |||
Decaying garbage | |||||
 Present | 57 (56.44) | 25 (24.75) | 20.559 | <0.001 | |
 Absent | 44 (43.56) | 76 (75.25) | |||
Termite hills | |||||
 Present | 45 (44.55) | 34 (33.66) | 9.272 | <0.05 | |
 Absent | 56 (55.45) | 67 (66.34) | |||
Manna bushes | |||||
 Present | 50 (49.50) | 43 (42.57) | 0.741 | 0.389 | |
 Absent | 51 (50.50) | 58 (57.43) | |||
Water streams | |||||
  Present | 47 (46.53) | 60 (60.40) | 3.358 | 0.067 | |
 Absent | 54 (53.47) | 41 (39.60) | |||
Unclear areas | |||||
 Present | 63 (62.38) | 40 (39.60) | 10.070 | < 0.05 | |
 Absent | 38 (37.62) | 61 (60.40) | |||
Areas with wet soil | |||||
 Present | 52 (51.49) | 30 (29.70) | 9.936 | < 0.05 | |
 Absent | 49 (48.51) | 71 (70.30) | |||
Gardening areas | |||||
 Present | 50 (49.50) | 26 (25.74) | 11.806 | 0.001 | |
 Absent | 51 (50.50) | 75 (74.26) | |||
Animals owned or frequently visiting the home harden and household | |||||
 Dogs | 77 (76.24) | 51 (50.50) | 8.891 | 0.180 | |
 Cats | 36 (35.64) | 17 (16.83) | |||
 Cattle | 8 (7.92) | 8 (7.92) | |||
 Chicken | 2 (1.98) | 4 (3.96) | |||
 Wild boar | 12 (11.88) | 4 (3.96) | |||
 Monkeys | 2 (1.98) | 0 (0) | |||
 Rodents | 13 (12.87) | 3 (2.98) | |||
Heard of the disease? (before the infection) | |||||
 Yes | 25 (24.75) | 66 (65.35) | 33.617 | < 0.001 | |
 No | 76 (75.25) | 35 (34.65) | |||
If yes, source | |||||
 TV/radio | 3 (12.00) | 8 (12.12) | 36.816 | < 0.001 | |
 Printed media | 1 (4.00) | 2 (3.03) | |||
 Friend | 19 (76.00) | 39 (59.09) | |||
 Health worker | 2 (8.00) | 17 (25.75) | |||
Seen a patient? (before infection) | |||||
 Yes | 16 (15.84) | 43 (42.57) | 17.454 | < 0.001 | |
 No | 85 (84.16) | 58 (57.43) | |||
If yes, source? | |||||
 Village | 15 (93.75) | 37 (86.05) | 16.802 | < 0.001 | |
 Outside village | 1 (6.25) | 4 (9.30) | |||
 TV/printed media | 0 (0.00) | 2 (4.65) | |||
Causative organism | |||||
 Correct | 2 (1.98) | 0 (0) | 2.020 | 0.155 | |
 Wrong | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||
 Unaware | 99 (98.02) | 101 (100) | |||
Mode of transmission | |||||
 Correct | 20 (19.80) | 1 (0.99) | 6.000 | 0.199 | |
 Wrong | 3 (2.98) | 8 (7.92) | |||
 Unaware | 78 (77.22) | 92 (91.09) | |||
Method of diagnosis | |||||
 Correct | 1 (0.99) | 0 (0) | 1.005 | 0.316 | |
 Unaware | 100 (99.01) | 101 (100) | |||
Peak biting time | |||||
 Correct | 5 (4.95) | 0 (0) | 6.184 | 0.045 | |
 Wrong | 1 (0.99) | 0 (0) | |||
 Unaware | 95 (94.06) | 101 (100) | |||
Protective measures | |||||
 Correct | 5 (4.95) | 2 (1.98) | 2.451 | 0.294 | |
 Wrong | 11 (10.89) | 7 (6.93) | |||
 Unaware | 85 (84.16) | 92 (91.09) |