Table 2 Seroprevalence of N. caninum antibodies in South American camelids

Peru

Highlands, Central and Southern Peru

Alpaca

IFAT

conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD)

1:50

39/92

42.4

[58]

Llama

1:50

39/212

18.4

Peru

Highlands, different regions

Alpaca

IFAT

conjugate: anti-llama IgG–FITC (VMRD) + confirmation of positive results by Westernblot

1:50

14/78

17.9

[59]

Llama

17/73

23.3

Peru

Puno, South-Eastern Peru

Alpaca

Immunoblot N. caninum

17/675

2.5

[30]

Llama

1/81

1.2

Vicuna

0/114

0

Peru

Yauli, Central Sierra

Alpaca

IFAT

conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD)

1:100

5/175

2.9

[72]

Peru

Central and South Peruvian Andes

Alpaca

IFAT

conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD)

1:100

425/2874

14.8

[57]

Llama

153/1845

8.3

Peru

Arequipa, South Peruvian Andes

Vicuna

ELISA, Chekit Neospora – cELISA (IDEXX) + confirmation of positive results by Westernblot

2/207

1.0

[73]

Alpaca

2/571

0.3

Llama

0/43

0

Peru

Huancavelica

Llama

IFAT

conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD)

1:100

12/98

12.2

[56]

Peru

Huancavelica

Alpaca

IFAT

1:100

47/288

16.3

[55]

Argentina

Jujuy

Llama

IFAT

conjugate: anti bovine IgG FITC (Sigma)

1:50

3/308

1.0

[37]

Australia

South

Alpaca

ELISA, N. caninum Antibody Test Kit ELISA (IDEXX) + Protein G conjugate (Zymed Recombinant Protein G HRP Conjugate, Invitrogen)

0/182

0

[53]

Australia

New South Wales and Victoria

Alpaca

ELISA, N. caninum Antibody Test Kit – cELISA (VMRD)

%I ≥ 30%^a

3/100

3.0

[24]

Germany

Hesse

Alpaca

Immunoblot N. caninum

0/12

0

[30]

Llama

0/20

0

Czech Republic

Alpaca

ELISA, N. caninum Antibody Test Kit – cELISA (VMRD)

%I ≥ 30%^a

0/1

0

[42]

Llama

1/8

12.5

Alpaca

IFAT

conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD)

1:50

0/1

0

Llama

1/8

12.5