Fig. 3

Scanning electron micrographs of S. mansoni after exposure to H1-antihistamines drugs. Adult parasites were collected from the hepatic portal and mesenteric veins of mice and placed on plates containing various concentrations of H1-antihistamines. Parasites were monitored at different times up to 72 h and micrographs of the mid-body region of male worms were obtained using a scanning electron microscope. a Control showing tubercles (T) and spines on the surface (arrow). b–d Twenty-four hours after incubation of cinnarizine 50 μM (b), desloratadine 50 μM (c) and rupatadine 50 μM (d). e–g Forty-eight hours after incubation of cinnarizine 25 μM (e), desloratadine 50 μM (f) and rupatadine 50 μM (g). h–k Seventy-two hours after incubation of cinnarizine 12.5 μM (h), desloratadine 25 μM (i), desloratadine 12.5 μM (j) and rupatadine 25 μM (k). l Praziquantel 2 μM. In figures b–l, the dorsal tegumental surface shows roughening (ro), disintegration (di), bubbles (bu) and shrinking (sh). Images were captured using a JEOL SM-6460LV scanning electron microscope. Scale-bars: 10 μm