Table 3 Potential breeding sites examined during the study and sites positive for sand fly immature stages
Breeding site category | No. of sites sampled | No. of positive sites (No. of sand flies encountered) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Larva | Pupa | Adulta | Total | ||
Indoor | |||||
 Wall crevices | 2 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Abandoned shed (floor) | 29 |  |  |  | 0 |
Outdoor | |||||
 Man-made soil mound | 48 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Chicken pen (floor) | 7 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Pet shelter (floor) | 8 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Cattle hut (floor) | 25 | 1 (2) |  |  | 1 (2) |
 Irrigational tank and river embankment | 37 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Animal burrow | 19 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Cracks in the soil surface | 17 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Drying irrigational tank bottom mud flat | 10 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Drying irrigational tank bottom moist soil | 5 |  |  | 1 (4) | 1 (4) |
 Termite hill | 43 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Garbage burning site | 9 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Drain | 19 |  |  |  | 0 |
Vegetation associated | |||||
 Soil below decaying hay | 5 | 1 (3) |  |  | 1 (3) |
 Leaf litter | 54 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Rice paddy mud flat | 14 | 2 (6) | 1 (2) |  | 3 (8) |
 Rice paddy moist soil | 11 | 3 (12) |  |  | 3 (12) |
 Pepper cultivation | 18 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Betel cultivation | 6 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Soil between buttress root | 14 |  |  |  | 0 |
 Tree hole | 32 |  |  |  | 0 |