Fig. 1

Challenges with buffalo fly embryonic microinjection. a Embryonic microinjection without Wolbachia had a detrimental effect on embryo hatching. b 40–60 min-old embryos survived injection better than 10–30 min-old embryos. c Eggs were dechorionated by treating with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s and covered with 2:1 mix of halocarbon oil 700 and 27 to prevent desiccation. Eggs were sensitive to treatment and survival decreased further with the injection. Error bars are SEM. Analysis was by Fisher’s exact test in (a) and Tukey’s multiple comparison test in (b) and (c). ****P < 0.0001