A new knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation, F1534L, in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Aedes aegypti, co-occurring with F1534C, S989P and V1016G

Table 6 Distribution of kdr haplotype-alleles in dead and alive mosquitoes after exposure to the insecticide papers (1 h exposure followed by 24 h recovery) and their genetic association with insecticide resistance phenotype

Insecticide	Dead/alive	Haplotype-allele counts				Fisher’s exact test			OR (95% CI)
Insecticide	Dead/alive	SVF	SVC	SVL	PGF	SVF vs SVC	SVF vs SVL	SVF vsPGF	SVF vs SVC	SVF vs SVL	SVF vsPGF
DDT 4%	Alive	60	197	30	87	P < 0.01	ns	ns	3.88 (1.65–9.11)	6.50 (0.81–52.06)	2.69 (1.01–7.15)
DDT 4%	Dead	13	11	1	7	P < 0.01	ns	ns	3.88 (1.65–9.11)	6.50 (0.81–52.06)	2.69 (1.01–7.15)
PER 0.75%	Alive	26	260	102	60	P < 0.0001	P < 0.0001	P < 0.0001	5.90 (3.40–10.15)	6.94 (3.64–13.24)	5.31 (2.64–10.67)
PER 0.75%	Dead	46	78	26	20	P < 0.0001	P < 0.0001	P < 0.0001	5.90 (3.40–10.15)	6.94 (3.64–13.24)	5.31 (2.64–10.67)
DEL 0.05%	Alive	88	211	80	47	ns	P < 0.01	ns	1.49 (0.98–2.27)	2.73 (1.48–5.04)	1.52 (0.81–2.85)
DEL 0.05%	Dead	54	87	18	19	ns	P < 0.01	ns	1.49 (0.98–2.27)	2.73 (1.48–5.04)	1.52 (0.81–2.85)

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; DDT, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane; PER, permethrin; DEL, deltamethrin; ns, not significant

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