Fig. 1

Overview of study design. In the in vitro incubation experiment (a) three individual Parascaris univalens worms were sequenced for the 0 h control. For the Control 24 h^−DMSO, nine worms were incubated in cell culture media in three containers (three worms per container). One worm from each container was used for RNA sequencing, in total three worms. In the in vitro drug exposure experiment (b), three worms were incubated in cell culture media containing 0.1% DMSO (Control 24 h^+DMSO) and used for RNA sequencing. For each of the three anthelmintic substances ivermectin (IVM), pyrantel citrate (PYR) and thiabendazole (TBZ), three different concentrations of the drugs were used (see Table 1). For each concentration, three worms were incubated in each of three different containers, in total nine worms for every concentration. From each container, one worm was used for RNA sequencing, in total three worms for every concentration. In total 36 worms were sequenced in this study