Table 3 Most frequent costs identified in the context of Lyme disease

Intervention

18 [17, 18, 20,21,22,23,24,25,26, 28, 29, 31,32,33,34,35]

Antibiotic treatments or vaccine interventions studied

Formal health sector

Health resource utilization

17 [17, 18, 20,21,22,23,24,25,26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35]

Office visits, hospitalizations, management of adverse events and other direct medical costs pursuant to common Lyme sequelae

Formal health sector

Productivity losses

10 [16,17,18, 21, 23, 26, 28,29,30, 36]

Any absenteeism or presenteeism costs due to disease

Non-health sector

Serological testing

9 [18, 22,23,24,25,26, 28, 32, 33]

Diagnostic testing

Formal health sector

Health system issues

5 [6, 20, 28, 30, 36]

Costs experienced with health system navigation including diagnostic delays, unconventional therapies, costs of inconvenience and costs related to concern for false positive tests

Other

Travel expenses

4 [16, 27, 28, 36]

Any travel expenses related to Lyme sequelae

Informal health sector

Informal care costs

2 [26, 28]

Caregiver time costs

Informal health sector