Large-scale countrywide screening for tick-borne pathogens in field-collected ticks in Latvia during 2017–2019

Capligina, Valentina; Seleznova, Maija; Akopjana, Sarmite; Freimane, Lauma; Lazovska, Marija; Krumins, Rudolfs; Kivrane, Agnija; Namina, Agne; Aleinikova, Darja; Kimsis, Janis; Kazarina, Alisa; Igumnova, Viktorija; Bormane, Antra; Ranka, Renate

doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04219-7

Parasites & Vectors

Table 2 Prevalence of co-infections in field-collected ticks in Latvia, 2017–2019 (n = 4593)

From: Large-scale countrywide screening for tick-borne pathogens in field-collected ticks in Latvia during 2017–2019

Pathogen co-infections	I. ricinus (95% CI)				I. persulcatus (95% CI)				D. reticulatus (95% CI)				All ticks	P-value ^a
Pathogen co-infections	Male	Female	Nymph	Total	Male	Female	Nymph	Total	Male	Female	Nymph	Total	All ticks	P-value ^a
Bo. burgdorferi (s.l.) + Rickettsia*	3.96	5.14	0.78	3.41 (2.88–4.04)	0	1.35	14.29	1.27 (0.05–4.79)	0	0.48	0	0.34 (0.01–1.30)	2.94	< 0.0001*
Bo. burgdorferi (s.l.) + Babesia	0.88	0.91	0.09	0.65 (0.44–0.96)	0	1.35	0	0.63 (0.01–3.86)	0	0	0	0 (0–0.77)	0.57	0.0883
Rickettsia two species	0.59	0.30	0.43	0.44 (0.27–0.71)	0	0	0	0 (0–2.86)	0.58	0.24	0	0.34 (0.01–1.30)	0.41	1.0000
Rickettsia + A. phagocytophilum	0.51	0.15	0.09	0.26 (0.13–0.49)	0	0	0	0 (0–2.86)	0	0	0	0 (0–0.77)	0.22	0.5609
Rickettsia + Babesia	0.44	0.23	0	0.23 (0.12–0.45)	0	0	0	0 (0–2.86)	0	0.48	0	0.34 (0.01–1.30)	0.22	0.7622
Bo. burgdorferi (s.l.) two species	0.22	0.30	0	0.18 (0.08–0.38)	0	1.35	0	0.63 (0.01–3.86)	0	0	0	0 (0–0.77)	0.17	0.2195
Bo. miyamotoi + Rickettsia	0.22	0.23	0.09	0.18 (0.08–0.38)	0	0	0	0 (0–2.86)	0	0	0	0 (0–0.77)	0.15	0.6901
TBEV + Rickettsia	0.15	0.08	0.09	0.10 (0.03–0.28)	0	0	0	0 (0–2.86)	1.16	0	0	0.34 (0.01–1.30)	0.13	0.3410
TBEV + Bo. burgdorferi (s.l.)	0.22	0.08	0	0.10 (0.03–0.28)	1.30	0	0	0.63 (0.01–3.86)	0	0	0	0 (0–0.77)	0.11	0.1770
Two pathogens others	0.22	0.30	0	0.18 (0.08–0.38)	0	0	0	0 (0–2.86)	0	0	0	0 (0–0.77)	0.15	0.6901
Two pathogens total*	7.41	7.70	1.56	5.76 (5.06–6.54)	1.30	4.05	14.29	3.16 (1.16–7.39)	1.74	1.19	0	1.34 (0.63–2.68)	5.09	< 0.0001*
Three pathogens total	0.44	0.83	0.35	0.55 (0.35–0.84)	0	0	0	0 (0–2.86)	0	0	0	0 (0–0.77)	0.46	0.1565
Co-infections total*	7.85	8.53	1.91	6.30 (5.58–7.12)	1.30	4.05	14.29	3.16 (1.16–7.39)	1.74	1.19	0	1.34 (0.63–2.68)	5.55	< 0.0001*
Total no. of ticks	1363	1324	1153	3840	77	74	7	158	172	419	4	595	4593

^aP-value was calculated for the total numbers
*Statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05)
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; TBEV, tick-borne encephalitis virus

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