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Table 1 Evolution of the San Alfonso strain resistance (percentage of larval mortality) over the years without selection pressure

From: Physiological evidence that three known mutations in the para-sodium channel gene confer cypermethrin knockdown resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus

Year

Organophosphorous

Pyrethroids

Amidines

Coumaphos

Diazinon

Chlorpiriphos

Cypermethrin

Deltamethrin

Flumethrin

Amitraz

2001a

98.60

58.6

99.70

37.50

30.80

14.50

25.20

2006a

20.00

0

0

0

0

0

0

2012

100

90.58

99.10

0

0

0

0

2013

91.88

91.56

99.57

0

0

0

0.62

2016

73.24

100

100

0

0

0

10.76

  1. aData from 2001 and 2006 has already been reported in [23, 37]