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Fig. 2 | Parasites & Vectors

Fig. 2

From: The great potential of entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus for mosquito control: a review

Fig. 2

Schematic drawing of toxins and mode of action of some compounds produced by the bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. Xenorhabdus can produce toxin complexes that induce immunosuppression in insects by inhibiting eicosanoid synthesis. The Xenorhabdus lipoprotein toxin produced by X. innexi has toxic properties against culicids. Photorhabdus also produces toxin complexes, which have activity directly in the intestinal epithelium of insects, leading to their destruction. Make caterpillars floppy causes apoptosis in hemocytes in the hemocoel. Photorhabdus virulence cassettes, encode genes that are toxic action against some species of lepidopterous. Insect-related protein is highly toxic and is similar to δ endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Photorhabdus can produce toxins that directly affect Phospholipase A2, while Xenorhabdus produces toxins that inhibit phenoloxidase produced through prophenoloxidase, directly affecting the insect’s immune system. Abbreviations: Xr, Xenorhabdus; Tcs, toxin complexes; Xlt, Xenorhabdus lipoprotein toxin; Pr, Photorhabdus; Mcf, make caterpillars floppy; Pvc, Photorhabdus virulence cassettes; Pir, insect-related protein; PO, phenoloxidase; proPO, prophenoloxidase

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