From: Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review
Location | Detection method | Vegetable or fruit item | No. of samples tested | No. of positive samples (%) | Toxoplasma gondii genotypes identified (n) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brazil | PCR | Smooth lettuce | 62 | 1 (0.6) | Toxo4-5 D (1) | [62] |
Crisp head lettuce | 106 | 4 (3.7) | B22-23 D (4) | |||
Chicory | 40 | 2 (5.0) | B22-23 D (1); Toxo4-5 D (1) | |||
Rocket | 7 | 1 (14.3) | B22-23 D (1) | |||
Parsley | 5 | 1 (20.0) | B22-23 D (1) | |||
Brazil | PCR | Vegetables | 21 | 3 (14.3) | N/A (3) | [45] |
China | Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) | Lettuce | 71 | 5 (7.0) | Type I (4); Type II (1) | [63] |
Spinach | 50 | 2 (4.0) | Type I (2) | |||
Pak choi | 34 | 1 (2.9) | Type I (1) | |||
Chinese cabbage | 26 | 0 | Â | |||
Rape | 22 | 1 (4.5) | Type II (1) | |||
Asparagus | 18 | 0 | Â | |||
Chrysanthemum coronarium | 16 | 0 | Â | |||
Endive | 14 | 0 | Â | |||
Chinese chives | 11 | 0 | Â | |||
Cabbage | 9 | 0 | Â | |||
Red cabbage | 8 | 1 (12.5) | Type II (1) | |||
Czech Republic | Triplex real time PCR | Carrots | 93 | 7 (7.5) | Â | [64] |
Cucumbers | 109 | 13 (11.9) | Type II (5) | |||
Salads | 90 | 8 (8.9) | Type II (2) | |||
Italy | qPCR | Ready-to-eat packaged salad | 648 | 5 (0.8) | Type I (5) | [23] |
Poland | qPCR | Strawberries | 60 | 0 | Â | [61] |
Radish | 60 | 3 (5.0) | Type I (2); Type II (1) | |||
Carrot | 46 | 9 (19.6) | Type I (3); Type II (1) | |||
Lettuce | 50 | 9 (18.0) | Type I (1) | |||
Total | Â | Â | 1676 | 63 (3.8) | Â | Â |