Table 1 Primer sets used for DNA amplification and sequencing of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in ticks and camels from north-western Nigeria
Target | Method | Gene target | Primer sequence (5′-3′) | Product size (bp) | Positive control (DNA) from ticks | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tick identification | PCR | 12S rRNA | T1B: AAACTAGGATTAGATACCCT | 360 | Hyalomma dromedarii | [35] |
T2A: AATGAGAGCGACGGGCGATGT | ||||||
Tick identification | PCR | 16S rRNA | 16S + 1: CTGCTCAATGATTTTTTAAATTGCTGTGG | 456 | H. dromedarii | [36] |
16S − 1: CCGGTCTGAACTCAGATCAAGTA | ||||||
Tick identification | PCR | cox1 | Cox1F: GGAACAATATATTTAATTTTTGG | 360 | H. dromedarii | [37] |
Cox1R: ATCTATCCCTACTGTAAATATATG | ||||||
Rickettsia spp. | PCR | gltA | Rsfg877: GGGGGCCTGCTCACGGCGG | 381 | Rickettsia helvetica | [38] |
Rfsg1258: ATTGCAAAAAGTACAGTGAACA | ||||||
Rickettsia spp. | PCR | ompA | Rr190.70p: ATGGCGAATATTTCTCCAAAA | 631 | R. helvetica | [39] |
Rr190.701n: GTTCCGTTAATGGCAGCATCT | ||||||
Rickettsia spp. | PCR | ompB | 120–2788: AAACAATAATCAAGGTACTGT | 765 | R. helvetica | [40] |
120–3599: TACTTCCGGTTACAGCAAAGT | ||||||
Babesia/Theileria | PCR | 18S rRNA | BJ1: GTCTTGTAATTGGAATGATGG | 411–452 | Babesia spp. | [41] |
BN2: TAGTTTATGGTTAGGACTACG | ||||||
BabsppF1: GTTTCTGMCCCATCAGCTTGAC | 422–440 | [42] | ||||
BabsppR: CAAGACAAAAGTCTGCTTGAAAC | ||||||
Anaplasma marginale | qPCR | msp1ß | AM-forward: TTGGCAAGGCAGCAGCTT | 95 | Anaplasma marginale | [31] |
AM-reverse: TTCCGCGAGCATGTGCAT | ||||||
AM-probe: FAM TCGGTCTAACATCTCCAGGCTTTCAT BHQ1 | ||||||
Anaplasma/Ehrlichia | PCR | 16S rRNA | EHR16SD: GGTACCYACAGAAGAAGTCC | 345 | A. marginale | [43] |
EHR16SR: TAGCACTCATCGTTTACAGC | ||||||
Anaplasma spp. | Semi-nested PCR | 16S rRNA | fD1: AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG | 760 | A. marginale | [44] |
EHR16SR: TAGCACTCATCGTTTACAGC | ||||||
fD1: AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG | 426 | [45] | ||||
GA1UR: GAGTTTGCCGGGACTTCTTCT | ||||||
Coxiella-like organisms | Semi-nested PCR | 16S rDNA | Cox16SF1: CGTAGGAATCTACCTTRTAGWGG | 1321–1416 | Coxiella burnetii | [46] |
Cox16SR2: GCCTACCCGCTTCTGGTACAATT | ||||||
Cox16SF2: TGAGAACTAGCTGTTGGRRAGT | 624–625 | |||||
Cox16SR2: GCCTACCCGCTTCTGGTACAATT |