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Table 2 Risk factors for tick infestation on farms, included in logistic regression models, for sheep (n = 480) and cattle (n = 711) farms based on data from a retrospective questionnaire survey in Great Britain, showing the coefficient estimate ± standard error and the odds ratio (± 95% confidence interval)

From: Distribution and prevalence of ticks and tick-borne disease on sheep and cattle farms in Great Britain

Farm

Risk factor

Coefficient estimate (± SE)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Sheep

Terrain***

  

Lowland

1.00

Upland***

1.92 (0.43)

6.84 (3.04–16.90)

Flock size (log10)***

1.37 (0.39)

3.94 (1.88–8.80)

Region*

  

C England

1.00

Wales

0.44 (0.81)

1.56 (0.37–10.69)

N England

1.11 (0.80)

3.03 (0.77–20.30)

E England

1.17 (1.06)

3.22 (0.35–29.58)

Scotland

1.02 (0.82)

2.77 (0.65–19.21)

SW England*

2.0 (0.82)

7.13 (1.68–49.64)

Cattle

Terrain*

  

Lowland

1.00

Upland*

0.89 (0.39)

2.44 (1.15–5.36)

Livestock type**

  

Cattle only

1.00

Cattle and sheep**

1.26 (0.47)

3.53 (1.51–9.69)

Region**

  

C + E England

1.00

Wales

0.99 (0.83)

2.68 (0.60–18.80)

N England

2.61 (0.81)

2.61 (0.63–17.69)

Scotland

1.45 (0.82)

4.26 (0.10–29.32)

SW England**

2.27 (0.77)

9.68 (2.61–62.82)

  1. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
  2. Note: ‘Upland’ refers to regions classified as Less Favoured Areas and characterized by rough grazing, heathland and moorland [55]