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Table 1 Ecological risk factors associated with the spread and sustained circulation of three mosquito-borne viruses (i.e. RVFV, JEV and WNV) and three tick-borne viruses (TBEV, LIV and CCHFV) that were included for the development of hazard maps for arbovirus introduction and establishment

From: Spatial risk analysis for the introduction and circulation of six arboviruses in the Netherlands

 

Introduction risk factors

Establishment risk factors

Abiotic

Host

Vector

Mosquito-borne viruses

 RVFV

na

Positive effect of TG from April to October

Abundance of ruminant livestock (i.e. sheep, goat, and cattle)

Culex and Aedes abundance

 JEV

Abundance of birds with overlapping migratory flyways with conspecifics from JEV-endemic areas in Asia

Number of days with TX ≥ 25 °C

Abundance of ardeid bird species and domestic pigs

Culex abundance

 WNV

Abundance of bird species that migrate from Africa and/or the Mediterranean area to the Netherlands in spring

Positive effect of TG from April to October

Abundance of wetland birds, crow, jackdaw, magpie, pigeon, and house sparrow

Culex abundance

Tick-borne viruses

 TBEV

na

Slope of TG decrease from August to October

Slope of TG increase from March to May

Positive effect of UG from April to October

Presence of deer and free-ranging livestock (i.e. cattle, sheep, goat, horse)

Suitable habitat for I. ricinus ticks

 LIV

na

Slope of TG decrease from August to October

Slope of TG increase from March to May

Positive effect of UG from April to October

Abundance of sheep

Suitable habitat for I. ricinus ticks

 CCHFV

Abundance of bird species that migrate from Africa and/or the Mediterranean area to the Netherlands in spring

Negative effect of RH

Positive effect of TG from April to October

Abundance of livestock (i.e. cattle, horse, sheep, goat)

Suitable habitat for H. marginatum ticks

  1. Choice of the below listed factors was based upon the systematic review of Esser et al. [22]
  2. Abbreviations: UG, 24 h average relative humidity; RH, 24 h sum of precipitation; TG, 24 h average temperature; TX, 24 h maximum temperature