From: Spatial risk analysis for the introduction and circulation of six arboviruses in the Netherlands
 | Introduction risk factors | Establishment risk factors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Abiotic | Host | Vector | ||
Mosquito-borne viruses | ||||
 RVFV | na | Positive effect of TG from April to October | Abundance of ruminant livestock (i.e. sheep, goat, and cattle) | Culex and Aedes abundance |
 JEV | Abundance of birds with overlapping migratory flyways with conspecifics from JEV-endemic areas in Asia | Number of days with TX ≥ 25 °C | Abundance of ardeid bird species and domestic pigs | Culex abundance |
 WNV | Abundance of bird species that migrate from Africa and/or the Mediterranean area to the Netherlands in spring | Positive effect of TG from April to October | Abundance of wetland birds, crow, jackdaw, magpie, pigeon, and house sparrow | Culex abundance |
Tick-borne viruses | ||||
 TBEV | na | Slope of TG decrease from August to October Slope of TG increase from March to May Positive effect of UG from April to October | Presence of deer and free-ranging livestock (i.e. cattle, sheep, goat, horse) | Suitable habitat for I. ricinus ticks |
 LIV | na | Slope of TG decrease from August to October Slope of TG increase from March to May Positive effect of UG from April to October | Abundance of sheep | Suitable habitat for I. ricinus ticks |
 CCHFV | Abundance of bird species that migrate from Africa and/or the Mediterranean area to the Netherlands in spring | Negative effect of RH Positive effect of TG from April to October | Abundance of livestock (i.e. cattle, horse, sheep, goat) | Suitable habitat for H. marginatum ticks |