Table 4 Possible Anopheles’ metabolic proteins for vector control strategies based on their role in malaria transmission

Destruction of Plasmodium ookinetes

Chymotrypsin^a [136]

Genetic modification: development of refractory mosquitoes with enhanced expression of proteins post blood-feeding. Prevention of peritrophic membrane development

Trypsin^a [135, 136]

Enhances immune response to Plasmodium parasite

Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase^a (PAH) [196]

Genetic modification: development of refractory mosquitoes with increased expression of proteins post blood-feeding

Nitric oxide synthase^b (NOS) [170, 172]

Enhances Plasmodium parasite development or negative regulator of immune response

Carboxypeptidase^a [143]

Transmission-blocking agents: inhibition of proteins provides transmission-blocking strategies. Carboxypeptidase can be already targeted using antibodies [143]

Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase^a [179]

3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase^a [189]

Ornithine decarboxylase^a [200]

Aquaporin 3 [178]

Trehalose transporter^c [177]

Catalase^b [158]

Vitellogenin^d [5]

Lipophorin^d [5]

Apolipophorin^d [181, 182]

Fecundity

Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (PAH)^a [196]

Sterilants: inhibition may offer sterilizing strategies

Ornithine decarboxylase^a [197]

Heme oxygenase [6]

Vitellogenin^d [5]

Catalase^b [204]

Energy production during flight

Trehalase^c [156]

Flight inhibitors: inhibition may provide flight inhibition strategies

Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase^a [144]

Proline oxidase^a [144]

Insecticide resistance

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases^e [238]

Synergists: inhibitors may reverse insecticide resistance

Glutathione S-transferases^e [238]

Survival or development of mosquitoes

Aquaporin 3 [178]

Insecticides: inhibitors may act as insecticides

Catalase^b [159]

3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase^a [189]

Carbonic anhydrase [52]

Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases [51]

Chorion peroxidase [207]

V-ATPases [218, 219]

Phosphofructokinase^c [50]