Fig. 1

Map of Colombia showing its geopolitical divisions, principal roads, and biogeographical provinces. Biogeographical region Chocó (Pacific coast of northern Ecuador, Colombia and Panama with rainforests and cloud forests), Maracaibo (northern Colombia and northeastern Venezuela with dry forest and rainforest ecosystems and swamps caused by periodic flooding), Magdalena (eastern Venezuela and northeastern Colombia with dry forest and rainforest ecosystems), Venezuelan Plains (Plains covering much of Venezuela and northeastern Colombia, with the largest savanna ecosystem in Latin America), Cauca (western Colombia and Ecuador with rainforests and dry forests), Napo (southeastern Colombia and eastern Ecuador with rainforests, with a vast system of rivers with meanders, which create habitat mosaics), Imerí (southern Venezuela, southeastern Colombia, northeastern Peru, and northern Brazil with diversity of ecosystems, with one of the largest ecosystems of black-water rivers in the world), and the North-Andean Moorland (high mountain ranges (> 3000 m) of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, with moorland, pastureland, flood zone vegetation, and cushion vegetation habitats)