Study | Deer population | Spatial scale | Methods to measure deer density | Range of deer density recorded | Observed relationship with ticks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wilson et al. [17] | Presence/absence | Regional (single site) | – | – | Positive |
Daniels et al. [18] | Presence/absence | Regional | Deer signs | – | Positive |
Rand et al. [19] | Presence/absence | Regional (two sites) | – | – | Positive |
Perkins et al. [20] | Presence/absence | Local | – | – | Non-linear (effect of site size) |
Ruiz-Fons & Gilbert [21] | Presence/Absence | Local | Dung pellet counts | 0–0.45 (deer dung index) | Positive |
Gilbert et al. [22] | Presence/absence: reduced density | Multiple (regional and local) | Dung pellet counts | 8–50 deer/km2; 0–0.25 (deer dung index) | Positive |
Hofmeester et al. [5] | Presence/absence: observed deer density | Regional | Camera trapping | 0.001–0.84 (camera passage rate) | Positive (presence): None (abundance) |
Deblinger et al. [23] | Reduced density | Regional | Hunting records; census surveys | 39–156 deer | Positive |
Stafford et al. [24] | Reduced density | Regional | Marked population | 97.3–13.1 deer/km2 | Positive |
Jordan et al. [25] | Reduced density | Regional | Aerial surveys | 24.3–45.6 deer/km2 | None |
Kilpatrick et al. [26] | Reduced density | Regional | Aerial surveys; marked population | 0–9.8 deer/km2 | Positive |
Wilson et al. [27] | Observed deer density | Regional | Dung pellet counts; deer signs | 0–145 pellet groups | Positive (larvae): None (nymphs) |
Wilson et al. [28] | Observed deer density | Local | Radio telemetry | 0–15 deer | Positive |
Rand et al. [13] | Observed deer density | Multiple (regional and local) | Hunting records; dung pellet counts | 44–67 deer/km2 | Positive |
Millins et al. [11] | Observed deer density | Local | Dung pellet counts | 0–0.45 (deer dung index) | None |
Jordan & Schulze [29] | Observed deer density | Regional | Browsing counts | 26.9–52.8 % (browse plots) | None |
Ostfeld et al. [30] | Observed deer density | Regional | Hunting and browsing counts | Not reported | Positive |
Gilbert et al. [31] | Observed deer density | Regional | Dung pellet counts | 0.05–0.5 | Positive |
Tagliapietra et al. [32] | Observed deer density | Regional | Census surveys | 0–24 deer/km2 | Positive |
Cagnacci et al. [33] | Observed deer density | Regional | Dung pellet counts | 2–15.5 deer/100 ha | Non-linear |
James et al. [10] | Observed deer density | Regional | Dung pellet counts | Not reported | Positive |
Qviller et al. [34] | Observed deer density | Regional | Previous deer home range data | 32–42 deer | Positive |
Werden et al. [35] | Observed deer density | Regional | Dung pellet counts | 0–220 pellet groups/ha | Positive |