Fig. 8From: Cellular and molecular changes and immune response in the intestinal mucosa during Trichinella spiralis early infection in ratsCytokine and chemokine levels in intestinal tissue extracts during the early phase of T. spiralis infection. Concentrations of TNFα, CCL11/eotaxin, IL-4, INFγ and IL-10 in intestinal tissue extracts were determined by commercial ELISA kits whereas CCL25/TECK was determined by immunofluorescence assay. IL-5, IL-13 and IL-12 were determined by an immunoelectrotransfer blot assay. Results are expressed as concentration or number of positive cells/VCU or arbitrary units mean ± SD (n = 5/dpi and 5 control animals). Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA except for CCL25/TECK which was modelled by negative binomial distribution followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (nlme, MASS and multcomp packages, respectively; α = 0.05). Asterisks (*) represent significant differences between infected and control animals, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Numerals (#) above bars indicate significant differences between days: #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.01, ####P < 0.001Back to article page