Fig. 2

Monthly pupae counts for each household by site. Each study site is represented as a panel: a Kisumu, b Ukunda, c Chulaimbo, d Msambweni. For each panel: the main figure (bottom left) shows the number of pupae counted in that month for the given household (darker colors indicate more pupae). The right marginal figure shows the total number of pupae collected from each household in each site over the 4-year data collection period. The top marginal figure shows the total number of pupae collected in each month. Data were collected by trained data collectors who looked around the household and checked breeding containers for any pupae. Pupal persistence within a year (e.g. 2015–2016) was defined as having three or more months in which at least one pupae was found in the household