Fig. 3

The effect of host ecological predictors on avian haemosporidian infection risk in the Western Ghats Sky Islands. Results of our final reduced Bayesian phylogenetic mixed model with posterior mean estimates and 95% credible intervals (CIs) of all significant predictors on infection risk by Plasmodium (a) and Haemoproteus (b). Model parameters were considered significant when the 95% CIs of posterior estimates excluded zero. Categorical variables tested include roosting behavior (non-social vs social), sexual dimorphism (absent vs present), feeding strata (low vs high), with the former as the reference category and two covariates: species minimum elevation and individual body condition (scaled mass index)