Assessment of the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to pyriproxyfen and malathion in a nation-wide monitoring of insecticide resistance performed in Brazil from 2017 to 2018

Campos, Kauara Brito; Martins, Ademir Jesus; Rodovalho, Cynara de Melo; Bellinato, Diogo Fernandes; Dias, Luciana dos Santos; Macoris, Maria de Lourdes da Graça; Andrighetti, Maria Teresa Macoris; Lima, José Bento Pereira; Obara, Marcos Takashi

doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04406-6

Table 2 Evaluation of resistance to pyriproxyfen and malathion in Aedes aegypti from Brazil, 2017–2018

From: Assessment of the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to pyriproxyfen and malathion in a nation-wide monitoring of insecticide resistance performed in Brazil from 2017 to 2018

N0	Reg	State	Town	Paddles			Adult mosquitoes^a				Insecticide
				total	pos^b	mean eggs in pp^c	Ae. aegypti		Ae. albopictus		Pyriproxifen (Ae. aegypti larvae)			Malathion (Ae. aegypti adults)
				total	pos^b	mean eggs in pp^c	fem^d	male	fem^d	male	EI% cont^e	EI% (DD 0.03)^f	EI% cor^g	Mort% cont^h	Mort% (DD 20)ⁱ	Mort% (DD 50)^j
1	N	AC	Cruzeiro do Sul	196	72	73.3	601	793	0	0	0.94	100.0	NN	0.00	58.2	99.3
2	N	AC	Rio Branco	294	188	83.8	2377	2533	0	0	1.61	100.0	NN	0.00	75.3	99.0
3	N	AC	Brasiléia	100	43	67.7	734	814	0	0	0.31	99.5	NN	0.00	71.4	99.4
4	N	AM	Parintins	196	39	69.5	90	54	96	91	0.94	100.0	NN	0.00	75.3	100.0
5	N	AM	São Gabriel da Cachoeira	200	46	101.7	423	383	0	0	3.25	100.0	NN	0.00	100.0	100.0
6	N	AM	Humaitá	200	67	28.9	696	690	0	0	1.88	100.0	NN	0.00	57.0	99.7
7	N	AM	Tabatinga	172	50	64.3	472	504	0	0	0.00	100.0	NN	0.00	68.7	98.7
8	N	AM	Coari	196	70	WI	253	216	0	0	0.63	100.0	NN	0.00	63.3	98.3
9	N	AM	Manaus	512	207	48.8	1021	1047	187	98	1.50	100.0	NN	0.00	41.0	98.0
10	N	AP	Macapá	265	79	32.5	296	209	0	0	0.31	100.0	NN	0.00	80.6	100.0
11	N	AP	Oiapoque	200	28	33.1	WI	WI	WI	WI	2.81	100.0	NN	0.00	93.3	100.0
12	N	AP	Calçoene	74	14	45.3	207	178	0	0	1.56	100.0	NN	0.00	76.4	98.8
13	N	PA	Santarém	302	87	43.7	362	382	102	78	5.00	100.0	NN	0.00	85.3	98.8
14	N	PA	Xinguara	202	35	107.0	515	501	0	0	0.94	99.5	NN	0.00	75.5	99.1
15	N	PA	Belém	600	361	55.0	1751	1787	419	342	1.33	99.5	NN	0.00	75.0	98.6
16	N	PA	Breves	202	26	101.7	516	512	4	7	1.87	99.5	NN	0.00	83.2	97.2
17	N	PA	Marabá	300	96	77.0	503	500	0	1	2.75	99.4	NN	0.00	79.5	100.0
18	N	PA	Altamira	304	103	66.9	526	503	4	28	3.44	99.1	NN	0.00	88.1	99.4
19	N	PA	Itaituba	200	102	96.2	426	392	416	280	2.19	98.9	NN	0.00	35.5	99.4
20	N	PA	Tucuruí	198	93	79.4	504	501	219	158	3.43	98.9	NN	0.00	80.1	96.6
21	N	PA	Redenção	200	29	88.7	384	321	1	1	0.63	98.3	NN	0.00	65.8	98.5
22	N	RO	Cacoal	196	52	29.3	329	414	0	8	0.00	100.0	NN	0.00	100.0	100.0
23	N	RO	Jaru	200	85	91,9	1843	1607	141	72	0.50	100.0	NN	0.00	99.0	100.0
24	N	RO	Porto Velho	300	116	54.0	1222	1042	257	167	0.75	99.9	NN	0.00	100.0	100.0
25	N	RO	Guajará-Mirim	194	58	44.4	1248	1374	0	0	0.31	99.8	NN	0.00	99.3	100.0
26	N	RO	Vilhena	200	79	57.1	1457	1583	0	0	0.00	99.2	NN	0.00	100.0	100.0
27	N	RR	Rorainópolis	WI	39	54.5	352	198	0	0	0.62	100.0	NN	0.00	87.4	100.0
28	N	RR	Boa Vista	300	166	78.4	2293	2428	1	6	0.25	98.8	NN	0.00	83.0	100.0
29	N	TO	Dianópolis	204	31	29.1	206	249	0	0	0.00	100.0	NN	0.00	99.3	100.0
30	N	TO	Palmas	288	92	77.7	578	262	12	32	2.25	100.0	NN	0.00	61.7	99.7
31	N	TO	Gurupi	208	35	30.1	240	251	0	0	0.63	99.9	NN	0.00	99.3	100.0
32	N	TO	Araguaína	344	129	45.7	501	500	1	1	2.49	98.4	NN	0.00	63.0	99.1
33	NE	AL	Maceió	386	102	60.9	496	395	41	20	1.56	100.0	NN	0.00	92.3	99.7
34	NE	AL	Arapiraca	296	92	80.2	1128	1007	0	0	0.31	99.1	NN	0.00	94.1	99.4
35	NE	AL	Delmiro Gouveia	184	87	37.8	523	309	0	0	5.00	98.6	NN	0.00	56.9	99.1
36	NE	BA	Irecê	210	23	17.2	48	59	0	0	0.63	100.0	NN	0.00	99.3	100.0
37	NE	BA	Salvador	878	327	84.7	2264	2349	140	173	0.31	100.0	NN	0.00	100.0	100.0
38	NE	BA	Teixeira de Freitas	220	83	51.8	503	502	0	0	3.44	98.8	NN	0.00	86.0	99.1
39	NE	BA	Itabuna	349	155	63.4	505	606	0	2	0.94	96.5	NN	0.00	89.1	98.1
40	NE	BA	Brumado	220	90	43.4	289	322	1	1	1.56	91.6	NN	0.00	86.8	99.1
41	NE	BA	Serrinha	204	99	47.0	500	500	0	0	0.63	85.8	NN	0.00	83.1	98.1
42	NE	CE	Fortaleza	696	269	67,1	1491	1829	80	92	1.94	100.0	NN	0.00	70.6	98.3
43	NE	CE	Sobral	300	97	70.8	872	927	0	0	1.88	99.8	NN	0.00	44.2	98.5
44	NE	CE	Crateús	100	WI	WI	871	1011	0	0	2.25	99.3	NN	0.00	31.3	97.3
45	NE	CE	Quixadá	192	34	74.3	76	64	0	0	3.75	97.7	NN	0.00	81.0	100.0
46	NE	CE	Icó	200	131	70.9	1919	1997	27	10	3.43	96.1	NN	0.00	87.3	100.0
47	NE	CE	Juazeiro do Norte	300	138	178.2	502	500	0	1	1.56	95.3	NN	0.00	58.8	99.1
48	NE	PB	Sousa	200	63	29.9	405	426	0	0	3.44	100.0	NN	0.00	75.0	99.3
49	NE	PB	João Pessoa	388	239	50.3	1756	1816	34	31	0.63	100.0	NN	0.00	64.3	91.3
50	NE	PB	Campina Grande	300	91	43.4	1007	1013	0	0	1.25	98.6	NN	0.00	87.2	99.7
51	NE	PB	Alagoa Grande	200	88	31.1	510	508	0	0	0.63	98.1	NN	0.00	88.9	99.4
52	NE	PE	Recife	891	455	66.1	731	730	87	68	0.00	100.0	NN	0.00	97.3	100.0
53	NE	PE	Salgueiro	224	18	22.9	86	127	0	0	0.31	100.0	NN	0.00	100.0	100.0
54	NE	PE	Garanhuns	219	47	22.6	274	297	0	0	0.94	100.0	NN	0.00	94.5	99.1
55	NE	PE	Petrolina	300	29	18.8	126	138	0	0	0.62	100.0	IS	IS	IS	IS
56	NE	PE	Palmares	198	90	74.6	962	877	102	71	0,31	99.8	NN	0.00	96.0	100.0
57	NE	PE	Araripina	WI	107	48.9	881	834	0	0	1.88	99.8	NN	0.00	37.6	98.8
58	NE	PE	Santa Cruz do Capibaribe	303	144	70.1	511	566	0	0	2.19	98.9	NN	0.00	93.9	99.1
59	NE	PI	Floriano	190	56	20.9	757	736	54	29	2.75	100.0	NN	0.00	100.0	100.0
60	NE	PI	Teresina	414	125	44.0	915	1034	360	273	2.00	99.8	NN	0.00	99.7	100.0
61	NE	PI	Parnaíba	251	190	78.3	1950	2191	77	63	0.25	99.6	NN	0.00	98.3	100.0
62	NE	PI	Picos	100	29	54.7	307	299	0	0	6.87	98.4	98.3	0.00	77.0	91.2
63	NE	PI	São Raimundo Nonato	100	23	20.1	165	191	0	0	2.58	98.3	NN	0.00	81.1	92.9
64	NE	RN	Natal	400	277	66.0	1761	1847	144	188	0.00	100.0	NN	0.00	100.0	100.0
65	NE	RN	Pau dos Ferros	238	45	59.1	806	854	0	0	0.83	100.0	NN	0.00	99.0	100.0
66	NE	RN	Jardim do Seridó	100	62	74.1	507	507	0	3	3.44	100.0	NN	0.00	87.2	99.4
67	NE	RN	Mossoró	298	205	78.6	2012	1858	0	0	1.00	99.9	NN	0.00	99.3	100.0
68	NE	MA	São Luís	406	154	58.0	1882	2148	152	102	1.56	100.0	NN	0.00	99.6	100.0
69	NE	SE	Aracaju	416	196	78.6	2438	2563	32	41	0.31	100.0	NN	0.00	99.3	100.0
70	NE	SE	Nossa Senhora da Glória	214	84	94.6	500	502	0	7	3.75	99.7	NN	0.00	85.5	98.4
71	NE	SE	Itabaiana	324	139	44.5	504	503	0	2	1.25	98.4	NN	0.00	95.0	99.7
72	NE	SE	Lagarto	328	192	78.2	508	500	0	2	4.00	98.2	NN	0.00	89.0	98.2
73	MW	DF	Brasília	291	35	50.8	454	526	6	8	1.25	100.0	NN	0.00	95.6	100.0
74	MW	GO	Minaçu	100	33	28.9	174	86	215	178	2.19	100.0	NN	0.00	71.6	100.0
75	MW	GO	Posse	200	81	45.6	564	535	237	203	1.25	100.0	NN	0.00	90.1	98.2
76	MW	GO	Cristalina	WI	98	54.2	1003	930	0	0	0.31	99.8	NN	0.00	82.7	93.4
77	MW	GO	Goiânia	604	222	58.3	2211	2129	84	60	3.44	99.4	NN	0.00	69.7	98.6
78	MW	GO	Iporá	200	133	82.3	508	509	0	8	0.50	99.1	NN	0.00	98.4	100.0
79	MW	GO	Jataí	214	121	43.7	513	502	0	0	0.75	98.3	NN	0.00	91.3	100.0
80	MW	GO	Morrinhos	WI	98	88.5	1375	593	1	0	0.94	98.1	NN	0.00	68.9	99.4
81	MW	MS	Corumbá	200	70	45.2	802	1099	0	0	0.00	100.0	NN	0.00	98.3	100.0
82	MW	MS	Dourados	300	126	58.8	1921	2104	6	7	0.00	100.0	NN	0.00	99.3	100.0
83	MW	MS	Três Lagoas	274	80	62.0	919	962	12	13	0.63	100.0	NN	0.00	97.6	100.0
84	MW	MS	Coxim	188	43	29.2	172	165	15	30	3.13	100.0	NN	0.00	98.5	99.7
85	MW	MS	Ponta Porã	189	46	43.0	455	453	0	0	4.69	100.0	NN	0.00	90.7	99.1
86	MW	MS	Campo Grande	408	67	44.6	663	611	0	0	0.31	99.1	NN	0.00	99.0	100.0
87	MW	MT	Cuiabá	394	28	74.1	2399	2369	62	88	0.31	100.0	NN	0.00	82.0	100.0
88	MW	MT	Rondonópolis	900	158	52.0	1207	1300	23	13	0.63	100.0	NN	0.00	82.5	100.0
89	MW	MT	Confresa	108	69	111.2	1581	1715	103	121	2.19	100.0	NN	0.00	62.1	99.7
90	MW	MT	Alta Floresta	118	56	83.4	1394	1411	246	170	2.18	100.0	NN	0.00	80.1	91.6
91	MW	MT	Água Boa	202	WI	WI	518	510	3	7	1.25	99.8	NN	0.00	92.6	100.0
92	MW	MT	Pontes e Lacerda	208	WI	WI	534	544	0	0	1.88	99.8	NN	0.00	84.2	99.1
93	MW	MT	Juína	132	93	72.8	735	1006	0	0	1.25	99.1	NN	0.00	94.1	99.4
94	MW	MT	Barra do Garças	200	101	59.3	503	503	7	34	1.88	98.7	NN	0.00	88.6	100.0
95	MW	MT	Sinop	150	17	30.8	102	85	2	0	0.94	98.7	NN	0.00	88.6	100.0
96	SE	ES	Cachoeiro do Itapemirim	286	163	61.3	1846	1925	248	293	1.88	100.0	NN	0.00	46.8	94.3
97	SE	ES	Vitória	448	233	86.3	278	291	9	4	3.00	99.5	NN	0.00	84.8	99.7
98	SE	ES	Nova Venécia	192	93	73.5	506	503	17	39	3.44	99.4	NN	0.00	88.2	99.1
99	SE	ES	Aracruz	202	WI	WI	500	531	2	13	1.24	98.1	NN	0.00	93.8	98.5
100	SE	RJ	Angra dos Reis	323	107	32.1	425	391	119	118	1.25	100.0	NN	0.00	72.0	100.0
101	SE	RJ	Campos dos Goytacazes	330	119	47.8	1386	1242	14	8	0.00	100.0	NN	0.00	99.3	100.0
102	SE	RJ	Volta Redonda	296	183	88.1	2140	2235	344	455	4.38	100.0	NN	0.00	76.2	100.0
103	SE	RJ	Rio de Janeiro	612	306	61.6	2399	2260	90	82	1.75	100.0	NN	0.00	83.0	99.0
104	SE	MG	Belo Horizonte	1,77	935	68.3	2360	2175	93	96	1.25	100.0	NN	0.00	79.3	100.0
105	SE	MG	Governador Valadares	288	230	60.2	1731	1916	95	114	2.50	100.0	NN	0.00	93.3	100.0
106	SE	MG	Juiz de Fora	404	37	27.2	218	244	46	20	0.00	100.0	NN	0.00	99.0	100.0
107	SE	MG	Montes Claros	396	68	20.9	131	136	0	0	0.94	100.0	NN	0.00	100.0	100.0
108	SE	MG	Uberaba	94	53	35.9	273	289	0	0	0.31	100.0	NN	0.00	98.3	100.0
109	SE	MG	Teófilo Otoni	296	110	29.8	502	502	55	45	4.38	100.0	NN	0.00	82.3	99.4
110	SE	MG	Coronel Fabriciano	264	WI	WI	107	103	0	0	1.25	99.2	NN	0.00	63.5	99.4
111	SE	MG	Varginha	292	39	19.4	210	191	6	3	4.38	98.4	NN	0.00	94.7	99.7
112	SE	MG	Patos de Minas	297	WI	WI	510	504	10	2	0.94	98.1	NN	0.00	90.2	99.7
113	SE	SP	Ribeirão Preto	WI	WI	WI	118	166	0	0	3.13	100.0	NN	0.00	97.5	100.0
114	SE	SP	Presidente Prudente	WI	WI	WI	521	555	0	0	3.13	100.0	NN	0.00	97.8	98.7
115	SE	SP	Sorocaba	WI	WI	WI	500	506	8	15	1.88	100.0	NN	0.00	97.9	98.5
116	SE	SP	São José do Rio Preto	WI	WI	WI	130	184	0	0	0.63	99.8	NN	0.00	95.1	99.1
117	SE	SP	São Sebastião	WI	WI	WI	515	505	32	2	2.81	99.8	NN	0.00	87.9	99.1
118	SE	SP	São Paulo	WI	WI	WI	500	529	0	0	0.63	99.5	NN	0.00	86.1	99.5
119	S	PR	Foz do Iguaçu	298	72	61.6	947	878	11	7	0.00	100.0	NN	0.00	86.7	100.0
120	S	PR	Londrina	400	180	77.4	1537	1955	37	59	1.25	100.0	NN	0.00	78.0	100.0
121	S	PR	Paranavaí	200	50	67.5	502	512	0	0	2.25	100.0	NN	0.00	91.1	98.8
122	S	PR	Maringá	400	149	60.4	504	500	0	3	2.50	100.0	NN	0.00	78.4	96.5
123	S	PR	Francisco Beltrão	194	29	31.3	241	241	0	0	0.00	99.1	NN	0.00	93.7	99.7
124	S	RS	Santa Rosa	200	116	76.3	164	123	3	0	3.85	100.0	NN	0.00	90.6	100.0
125	S	RS	Gravataí	292	175	58.8	584	776	0	42	3.13	99.7	NN	0.00	94.5	98.8
126	S	RS	Passo Fundo	300	164	36.6	528	668	0	1	1.25	99.7	NN	0.00	97.3	98.5
127	S	RS	Santa Maria	300	180	101.0	524	502	0	2	3.08	98.8	NN	0.00	57.8	98.8
128	S	RS	Quaraí	199	20	34.6	219	210	0	0	4.36	98.5	NN	0.00	94.0	100.0
129	S	SC	São Miguel do Oeste	200	51	46.1	664	637	18	6	0.31	99.8	NN	0.00	78.7	100.0
130	S	SC	Xanxerê	200	89	44.8	1000	1323	0	0	0.00	99.6	NN	0.00	73.3	99.1
131	S	SC	Itajaí	300	219	45.4	2074	2247	30	33	1.56	99.5	NN	0.00	87.7	100.0
132	S	SC	Chapecó	300	143	99.9	1050	1022	0	3	2.50	98.4	NN	0.00	98.1	100.0

Notes: Results are presented in percentage of adult emergence inhibition (EI) or mortality to diagnostic doses of the insecticides. ^aAdult mosquitoes: total of adult mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus) from rearing of each field population (F0 generation). ^bpos: positive paddle. ^cmean eggs in pp: mean eggs in positive paddle. ^dfem: female. ^eEI% cont: Percentage of adult emergence inhibition in control goup. ^fEI%: Percentage of adult emergence inhibition, 0.03 µg/l Diagnostic Dose (DD). ^gEI% cor: EI corrected by Abbott's formula if necessary (when was between 5% and 10%). ^hMort% cont: Percentage of mortality in control goup. ⁱMort%: Percentage of mortality, 20 µg/l DD. ^jMort%: Percentage of mortality, 50 µg/l DD (WHO, 2016). Underlined: State capitals. Bold: non-susceptible population (EI or mortality below 98%) (WHO, 2016). WI: Without information. IS: Insufficient sample quantity to perform the assay. NN: Correction wasn't necessary. Regions acronyms: N: North, NE: Northeast, CW: Mid-West, SE: South-East, S: South. States acronyms: AC: Acre, AM: Amazonas, AP: Amapá, PA: Pará, RO: Rondônia, RR: Roraima, TO: Tocantins, AL: Alagoas, BA: Bahia; CE: Ceará, PB: Paraíba, PE: Pernambuco, PI: Piauí, RN: Rio Grande do Norte, MA: Maranhão, SE: Sergipe, DF: Distrito Federal, GO: Goiás, MS: Mato Grosso do Sul, ES: Espírito Santo, RJ: Rio de Janeiro, MG: Minas Gerais, SP: São Paulo, PR: Paraná, RS: Rio Grande do Sul, SC: Santa Catarina.

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