Skip to main content

Table 1 Access to and use of water and hygiene practices among children in this study

From: Facial cleanliness indicators by time of day: results of a cross-sectional trachoma prevalence survey in Senegal

Variable

Levels

No. of children (%)

Univariable analysis for TF

Univariable analysis for any unclean face indicatora

OR (95% CI)

P

OR (95% CI)

P

Living in a community with a recent hygiene-related microproject

No

1383 (85.7)

Reference level

Yes

230 (14.3)

1.2 (0.7–2.2)

0.577

0.5 (0.2–1.1)

0.105

Water source

Inside tap

641 (39.7)

Reference level

Other (tap inside other compounds/outside covered well with pump)

25 (1.5)

1.5 (0.5–4.3)

0.598

1.1 (0.5–2.6)

0.020

Outside tap

524 (32.5)

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

1.6 (1.2–2.2)

Outside uncovered well

423 (26.2)

1.1 (0.6–1.9)

1.5 (0.8–3.1)

Time taken to go, collect water and come back

0 mins (source on site)

552 (34.2)

Reference level

1–30 min

905 (56.1)

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

0.298

1.5 (1.2–2.0)

0.009

> 30 min

156 (9.7)

1.5 (0.8–2.8)

1.6 (1.0–2.8)

Frequency of collecting water each day

More than once per day/at will

585 (36.3)

Reference level

Once per day

956 (59.3)

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

0.049

1.0 (0.7–1.2)

0.823

Less than once per day

72 (4.5)

0.4 (0.2–1.2)

1.1 (0.6–2.0)

Estimated proportion used for washing per household

< 25%

204 (12.6)

Reference level

25–50%

1159 (71.9)

0.8 (0.5–1.1)

0.079

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

0.311

> 50%

126 (7.8)

0.6 (0.3–1.2)

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

Don’t know

124 (7.7)

0.4 (0.2–0.8)

1.0 (0.6–1.8)

How many times a day do the children in your household bathe?

More than once

1231 (76.3)

Reference level

Once or less

382 (23.7)

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

0.112

0.8 (0.6–1.0)

0.063

Do children in your household wash their faces when they wake up?

No

3 (0.2)

Not testedb

Yes

1610 (99.8)

After face washing, what do you use to wipe your children’s faces?

Towel

768 (47.6)

Reference level

Cloth

416 (25.8)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

0.683

1.0 (0.8 –1.3)

0.790

Handkerchief

38 (2.4)

0.8 (0.3–2.2)

1.3 (0.6–2.8)

Skirt

43 (2.7)

1.4 (0.6–3.2)

1.3 (0.6–2.7)

Tea towel

73 (4.5)

1.6 (0.9–3.1)

1.0 (0.6–1.8)

Don’t wipe/nothing/don’t know

275 (17.0)

1.0 (0.7–1.6)

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

In addition to bathing and washing your face when you wake up, do you wash at other times of the day?

Yesc

1332 (82.6)

Reference level

No

281 (17.4)

1.5 (1.0–2.1)

0.032

1.3 (1.0–1.8)

0.052

Do you use soap when you wash?

No

29 (1.8)

Not testedb

Yes

1584 (98.2)

When you blow your children’s nose, what do you use?

Handkerchief

796 (49.3)

Reference level

Cloth

666 (41.3)

0.9 (0.6–1.2)

0.774

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

0.078

Hand

43 (2.7)

1.3 (0.5–2.9)

3.0 (1.3–6.9)

Tea towel

86 (5.3)

1.0 (0.5–2.0)

1.1 (0.5–2.8)

Other (skirt)/do not blow children’s noses/don’t know

22 (1.4)

0.6 (0.1–2.6)

1.2 (0.7–2.0)

  1. aDirt on face, ocular discharge, nasal discharge, or flies on face
  2. bGroup sizes insufficient
  3. cIncludes ablutions before prayer, washing hands and feet, washing before/after eating and using the toilet
  4. Abbreviations: TF, trachomatous inflammation—follicular; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval