Table 2 Summary of univariable binomial regression models with community of residence as random effect variable assessing relationship between facial cleanliness indicators and other covariates in 1613 children aged 0–9 years from Senegal

Age

0–3

600

150 (25.0)

2.3

1.7–3.3

< 0.001

92 (15.3)

4.8

2.9–8.0

< 0.001

190 (31.7)

5.8

4.4–7.5

< 0.001

127 (21.2)

1.4

1.0–2.0

0.106

466 (77.7)

5.0

3.9–6.6

< 0.001

4–6

493

119 (24.1)

2.1

1.5–3.0

50 (10.1)

3.0

1.7–5.1

216 (43.8)

3.4

2.6–4.4

101 (20.5)

1.4

1.0–2.0

327 (66.3)

2.8

2.1–3.6

7–9

520

70 (13.5)

Reference level

20 (3.8)

Reference level

145 (27.9)

Reference level

85 (16.3)

Reference level

218 (41.9)

Reference level

Sex

Male

853

204 (23.9)

Reference level

98 (11.5)

Reference level

461 (54.0)

Reference level

173 (20.3)

Reference level

570 (66.8)

Reference level

Female

760

135 (17.8)

0.7

0.5–0.9

0.003

64 (8.4)

0.7

0.5–1.0

0.036

371 (48.8)

0.8

0.6–1.0

0.019

140 (18.4)

0.8

0.6–1.1

0.191

441 (58.0)

0.7

0.5–0.8

< 0.001

TF (one or both eyes)

No

1397

262 (18.8)

Reference level

88 (6.3)

Reference level

677 (48.5)

Reference level

259 (18.5)

Reference level

829 (59.3)

Reference level

Yes

216

77 (35.6)

2.6

1.8–3.6

< 0.001

74 (34.3)

8.5

5.9–12.4

< 0.001

155 (71.8)

2.9

2.1–4.1

< 0.001

54 (25.0)

1.8

1.3–2.7

0.002

182 (84.3)

4.1

2.7–6.0

< 0.001

Infection (right eye)

No

1584

331 (20.9)

Reference level

149 (9.4)

Reference level

814 (51.4)

Reference level

307 (19.4)

Reference level

987 (62.3)

Reference level

Yes

29

8 (27.6)

1.4

0.6–3.4

0.416

13 (44.8)

7.8

3.5–17.2

< 0.001

18 (62.0)

1.5

0.7–3.3

0.288

6 (20.7)

2.0

0.8–5.2

0.163

24 (82.8)

2.9

1.1–7.7

0.019

10:30–11:00

47

5 (10.6)

Reference level

10 (21.3)

Reference level

33 (70.2)

Reference level

18 (38.3)

Reference level

37 (78.7)

Reference level

Time of examination

11:30–12:00

257

51 (19.8)

0.9

0.3–2.5

0.046

40 (15.6)

0.9

0.4–2.1

0.006

149 (58.0)

0.6

0.3–1.3

0.027

41 (16.0)

0.4

0.2–0.9

0.202

167 (65.0)

0.5

0.2–1.1

0.320

12:30–13:00

309

67 (21.7)

1.1

0.4–3.0

29 (9.4)

0.5

0.2–1.2

159 (51.5)

0.5

0.2–1.0

61 (19.7)

0.6

0.3–1.3

187 (60.5)

0.5

0.2–1.0

13:30–14:00

280

69 (24.6)

1.3

0.5–3.6

34 (12.1)

0.7

0.3–1.6

153 (54.6)

0.5

0.3–1.1

58 (20.7)

0.5

0.2–1.1

186 (66.4)

0.5

0.3–1.2

14:30–15:00

154

33 (21.4)

1.4

0.5–4.0

7 (4.5)

0.2

0.1–0.7

78 (50.6)

0.4

0.2–0.8

47 (30.5)

0.5

0.3–1.2

100 (64.9)

0.4

0.2–1.0

15:30–16:00

152

24 (15.8)

0.5

0.2–1.6

6 (3.9)

0.3

0.1–0.9

73 (48.0)

0.4

0.2–0.9

21 (13.8)

0.4

0.2–1.0

82 (53.9)

0.4

0.2–0.9

16:30–17:00

338

74 (21.9)

1.1

0.4–3.0

29 (8.6)

0.5

0.2–1.1

158 (46.7)

0.4

0.2–0.8

57 (16.9)

0.4

0.2–0.9

210 (62.1)

0.5

0.2–1.1

17:30–18:00

76

16 (21.1)

1.4

0.5–4.4

7 (9.2)

0.5

0.2–1.5

29 (38.2)

0.3

0.1–0.7

10 (13.2)

0.3

0.1–0.8

42 (55.3)

0.4

0.2–1.9