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Table 2. The prevalence of helminths and protozoa in relation to environmental factors in country of origin

From: Socio-demographic influences on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among workers in Qatar

 

N

%

Combined helminths

Combined protozoa

Prevalence (95% CL)

Odds ratio (95% CL)

Prevalence (95% CL)

Odds ratio (95% CL)

Ownership of home

 Owned

2306

92.7

7.2 (6.18–8.30)

1

18.0 (16.43–19.56)

1

 Rented

180

7.2

4.4 (1.77–10.06)

0.596 (0.288–1.231)

15.0 (9.24–22.86)

0.804 (0.527–1.227)

 Statistical test

  

\(\chi_{1}^{2}\) = 2.26, P = 0.77

 

\(\chi_{1}^{2}\) = 0.24, P = 0.63

 

No. of people living sharing house

 1 or 2

87

3.5

4.6 (1.20–13.59)

1

3.4 (0.69–11.86)

1

 3

398

16.0

6.5 (4.08–10.24)

1.450 (0.493–4.267)

10.6 (7.25–14.93)

3.303 (1.000–10.915)

 4

566

22.8

6.5 (5.06–8.36)

1.451 (0.504–1.178)

11.8 (9.85–14.13)

3.760 (1.156–12.229)

 5

502

20.2

6.4 (4.98–8.06)

1.413 (0.487–4.100)

13.7 (11.71–16.02)

4.462 (1.372–14.511)

 6

361

14.5

6.6 (4.27–10.15)

1.478 (0.499–4.375)

12.2 (8.84–16.48)

3.886 (1.178–12.827)

 7 or 8

347

13.9

10.1 (7.08–14.04)

2.328 (0.804–6.735)

11.8 (8.57–15.97)

3.752 (1.134–12.417)

 9 to 50

225

9.1

7.6 (5.41–10.39)

1.696 (0.554–5.190)

10.7 (8.07–13.88)

3.343 (0.980–11.403)

 Statistical test

 

\(\chi_{6}^{2}\) = 6.19, P = 0.40

 

\(\chi_{6}^{2}\) = 10.47, P = 0.11

 

No. of rooms in house

 1

207

8.3

6.3 (4.38–8.8213)

1

8.7 (6.47–11.58)

1

 2

889

35.7

7.0 (5.10–9.37)

1.119 (0.603–2.076)

11.6 (9.17–14.49)

1.376 (0.814–2.327)

 3

739

29.7

7.7 (5.92–9.96)

1.241 (0.669–2.326)

11.8 (9.55–14.40)

1.401 (0.822–2.387)

 4

407

16.4

6.9 (4.32–10.71)

1.102 (0.558–2.177)

15.2 (11.26–20.22)

1.887 (1.084–3.283)

 5–25

244

9.8

6.1 (4.18–8.89)

0.977 (0.454–2.105)

8.2 (5.91–11.27)

0.937 (0.482–1.824)

 Statistical test

 

\(\chi_{4}^{2}\) = 1.02, P = 0.91

 

χ 24  = 9.72, P = 0.045

 

House construction

 Earth and mud

247

9.9

6.9 (4.77–9.73)

1

15.0 (11.83–18.72)

1

 Wood

385

15.4

7.3 (4.70–11.05)

1.061 (0.568–1.982)

10.1 (6.97–14.34)

0.640 (0.395–1.035)

 Bricks/stones

782

31.5

7.7 (5.83–9.99)

1.124 (0.643–1.966)

12.9 (10.53–15.73)

0.842 (0.550–1.265)

 Concrete

1057

42.5

6.3 (4.91–8.05)

0.916 (0.528–1.589)

10.4 (8.57–12.25)

0.659 (0.441–0.985)

 Metal

15

0.6

20 (5.69–46.57)

3.382 (0.870–13.148)

20.0 (5.69–46.57)

1.419 (0.381–5.272)

 Statistical test

 

\(\chi_{4}^{2}\) = 3.99, P = 0.41

 

\(\chi_{4}^{2}\) = 7.05, P = 0.13

 

Floor of house

 Soil

424

17.1

8.0 (5.19–12.22)

1

18.9 (14.30–24.40)

1

 Sand

173

6.9

6.9 (3.51–13.11)

0.855 (0.432–1.693)

7.5 (3.83–13.93)

0.349 (0.189–0.646)

 Natural hard surface

99

3.9

10.1 (4.12–21.78)

1.289 (0.614–2.706)

4.0 (0.75–13.67)

0.181 (0.065–0.507)

 Straw/other overlay

51

2.1

7.8 (3.67–15.18)

0.976 (0.332–2.873)

9.8 (5.17–17.28)

0.467 (0.180–1.214)

 Concrete/brick

1513

60.9

6.7 (5.42–7.93)

0.820 (0.548–1.230)

11.4 (9.83–13.04)

0.555 (0.415–0.742)

 Wooden floor boards

100

4.0

6.0 (2.65–12.38)

0.732 (0.299–1.795)

4.0 (1.38–9.85)

0.179 (0.064–0.500)

 Linoleum

62

2.5

9.7 (4.80–18.08)

1.229 (0.494–3.059)

12.9 (6.94–21.86)

0.637 (0.292–1.392)

 Carpet

6

0.2

0.0 (0–41.13)

0

0.0 (0.0–41.13)

 

 Tiles

58

2.3

3.4 (0.99–9.64)

0.410 (0.096–1.752)

5.2 (1.98–12.15)

0.235 (0.072–0.769)

 Statistical test

 

\(\chi_{8}^{2}\) = 5.26, P = 0.73

 

χ 28  = 41.10, P < 0.001

 

Toilet

 Flushing

820

32.9

7.2 (5.37–9.51)

1

7.6 (5.69–9.93)

1

 Pit latrine

1585

63.8

6.9 (5.63–8.12)

0.953 (0.686–1.323)

13.9 (12.24–15.65)

1.981 (1.474–2.661)

 None/Bush

81

3.3

8.6 (3.60–18.32)

1.220 (0.538–2.768)

8.6 (3.60–18.32)

1.156 (0.511–2.618)

 Statistical test

 

\(\chi_{2}^{2}\) = 0.39, P = 0.82

 

χ 22  = 23.43, P < 0.001

 

Household contents index

 0

385

15.5

9.4 (6.37–13.5)

1

16.1 (12.11–20.97)

1

 1

413

16.7

9.0 (5.96–13.28)

0.954 (0.589–1.544)

11.1 (7.67–15.71)

0.653 (0.432–0.984)

 2

824

33.1

5.7 (4.1–7.83)

0.586 (0.373–0.922)

14.9 (12.3–17.94)

0.914 (0.654–1.275)

 3

295

11.9

5.4 (3.49–8.31)

0.556 (0.302–1.203)

8.8 (6.27–12.31)

0.504 (0.310–0.818)

 4

205

8.2

7.3 (5.26–9.98)

0.765 (0.409–1.434)

4.9 (3.27–7.15)

0.267 (0.134–0.533)

 5

95

3.8

8.4 (3.15–19.05)

0.891 (0.400–1.987)

6.3 (1.94–16.6)

0.351 (0.147–0.839)

 6

67

2.6

11.9 (6.3–21.17)

1.315 (0.582–2.968)

7.5 (3.18–15.8)

0.420 (0.162–1.087)

 7

48

1.9

0.0 (0–10.78)

–

4.2 (0.47–18.16)

0.227 (0.054–0.958)

 8

55

2.2

1.8 (0.29–7.26)

0.180 (0.024–1.337)

1.8 (0.29–7.26)

0.096 (0.013–0.710)

 9

63

2.5

4.8 (1.65–11.99)

0.485 (0.145–1.624)

4.8 (1.65–11.99)

0.260 (0.079–0.857)

10

36

1.4

11.1 (4.37–24.28)

1.212 (0.406–3.621)

16.7 (7.75–31.08)

1.042 (0.416–2.609)

 Statistical test

 

χ 21  = 22.58, P = 0.012

 

χ 210  = 48.56, P < 0.001

 

Provision of household water

 Inside tap

1329

53.5

6.8 (5.45–8.32)

1

13.6 (11.78–15.46)

1

 Outside tap

46

1.9

6.5 (1.31–20.39)

0.960 (0.292–3.157)

8.7 (2.38–23.46)

0.605 (0.214–1.705)

 Shared tap

27

1.1

3.7 (0.19–18.12)

0.529 (0.071–3.947)

0.0 (0.00–12.38)

 

 Covered well

126

5.1

8.7 (5.19–14.24)

1.317 (0.684–2.534)

4.8 (2.32–9.24)

0.317 (0.138–0.731)

 Uncovered well

440

17.7

8.2 (5.27–12.52)

1.227 (0.819–1.830)

13.4 (9.52–18.43)

0.982 (0.716–1.347)

 Borehole

164

6.6

6.1 (2.99–11.72)

0.894 (0.455–1.755)

9.8 (5.55–16.26)

0.686 (0.400–1.176)

 River

54

2.2

9.3 (4.69–16.96)

1.405 (0.547–3.613)

16.7 (10.21–25.74)

1.269 (0.610–2.639)

 Bottled water

300

12.1

6.3 (4.18–9.42)

0.931 (0.558–1.552)

5.0 (3.15–7.82)

0.334 (0.194–0.575)

 Statistical test

 

\(\chi_{7}^{2}\) = 2.9, P = 0.89

 

χ 27  = 38.22, P < 0.001

 

Farmer cultivate food

 No

1646

66.2

7.2 (5.92–8.42)

1

12.7 (11.09–14.31)

1

 Yes

840

33.8

6.8 (4.99–9.08)

0.943 (0.679–1.308)

9.6 (7.49–12.28)

0.734 (0.559–0.962)

 Statistical test

 

\(\chi_{1}^{2}\) = 0.13, P = 0.72

 

χ 21  = 5.18, P = 0.023

 

Domesticated animals

 No

1240

49.9

6.3 (4.97–7.85)

1

11.7 (9.90–13.48)

1

 Yes

1246

50.1

7.8 (6.31–9.50)

1.258 (0.924–1.713)

11.6 (9.86–13.42)

0.995 (0.779–1.271)

 Statistical test

 

(\(\chi_{1}^{2}\) = 2.13, P = 0.15)

 

(\(\chi_{1}^{2}\) = 0.002, P = 0.97)

 

No. of species of animals

 0

1251

50.3

6.2 (4.93–7.78)

1

11.7 (9.89–13.45)

1

 1

690

27.8

7.5 (5.81–9.67)

1.226 (0.852–1.764)

12.2 (9.98–14.74)

1.049 (0.788–1.396)

 2

308

12.4

7.8 (5.37–11.20)

1.271 (0.790–2.045)

13.0 (9.79–17.04)

1.130 (0.776–1.643)

 3

123

4.9

9.8 (5.99–15.26)

1.626 (0.859–3.078)

6.5 (3.60–11.34)

0.527 (0.252–1.100)

 4

51

2.1

13.7 (8.04–22.07)

2.392 (0.043–5.486)

13.7 (8.04–22.07)

0.473 (0.145–1.538)

 5

62

2.5

3.2 (0.84–9.61)

0.500 (0.120–2.089)

14.5 (8.23–23.97)

1.285 (0.618–2.650)

 6

1

0.1

0.0 (0.00–95.0)

–

0.0 (0.00–95.0)

–

 Statistical test

  

\(\chi_{6}^{2}\) = 7.67, P = 0.26

 

\(\chi_{6}^{2}\) = 7.08, P = 0.31

 
  1. Note: The statistical tests outputs that are significant are emphasized in bolditalic, as is also the highest prevalence within each factor level