| N | % | Combined helminths | Combined protozoa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence (95% CL) | Odds ratio (95% CL) | Prevalence (95% CL) | Odds ratio (95% CL) | |||
Ownership of home | ||||||
 Owned | 2306 | 92.7 | 7.2 (6.18–8.30) | 1 | 18.0 (16.43–19.56) | 1 |
 Rented | 180 | 7.2 | 4.4 (1.77–10.06) | 0.596 (0.288–1.231) | 15.0 (9.24–22.86) | 0.804 (0.527–1.227) |
 Statistical test |  |  | \(\chi_{1}^{2}\) = 2.26, P = 0.77 |  | \(\chi_{1}^{2}\) = 0.24, P = 0.63 |  |
No. of people living sharing house | ||||||
 1 or 2 | 87 | 3.5 | 4.6 (1.20–13.59) | 1 | 3.4 (0.69–11.86) | 1 |
 3 | 398 | 16.0 | 6.5 (4.08–10.24) | 1.450 (0.493–4.267) | 10.6 (7.25–14.93) | 3.303 (1.000–10.915) |
 4 | 566 | 22.8 | 6.5 (5.06–8.36) | 1.451 (0.504–1.178) | 11.8 (9.85–14.13) | 3.760 (1.156–12.229) |
 5 | 502 | 20.2 | 6.4 (4.98–8.06) | 1.413 (0.487–4.100) | 13.7 (11.71–16.02) | 4.462 (1.372–14.511) |
 6 | 361 | 14.5 | 6.6 (4.27–10.15) | 1.478 (0.499–4.375) | 12.2 (8.84–16.48) | 3.886 (1.178–12.827) |
 7 or 8 | 347 | 13.9 | 10.1 (7.08–14.04) | 2.328 (0.804–6.735) | 11.8 (8.57–15.97) | 3.752 (1.134–12.417) |
 9 to 50 | 225 | 9.1 | 7.6 (5.41–10.39) | 1.696 (0.554–5.190) | 10.7 (8.07–13.88) | 3.343 (0.980–11.403) |
 Statistical test |  | \(\chi_{6}^{2}\) = 6.19, P = 0.40 |  | \(\chi_{6}^{2}\) = 10.47, P = 0.11 |  | |
No. of rooms in house | ||||||
 1 | 207 | 8.3 | 6.3 (4.38–8.8213) | 1 | 8.7 (6.47–11.58) | 1 |
 2 | 889 | 35.7 | 7.0 (5.10–9.37) | 1.119 (0.603–2.076) | 11.6 (9.17–14.49) | 1.376 (0.814–2.327) |
 3 | 739 | 29.7 | 7.7 (5.92–9.96) | 1.241 (0.669–2.326) | 11.8 (9.55–14.40) | 1.401 (0.822–2.387) |
 4 | 407 | 16.4 | 6.9 (4.32–10.71) | 1.102 (0.558–2.177) | 15.2 (11.26–20.22) | 1.887 (1.084–3.283) |
 5–25 | 244 | 9.8 | 6.1 (4.18–8.89) | 0.977 (0.454–2.105) | 8.2 (5.91–11.27) | 0.937 (0.482–1.824) |
 Statistical test |  | \(\chi_{4}^{2}\) = 1.02, P = 0.91 |  | χ 24  = 9.72, P = 0.045 |  | |
House construction | ||||||
 Earth and mud | 247 | 9.9 | 6.9 (4.77–9.73) | 1 | 15.0 (11.83–18.72) | 1 |
 Wood | 385 | 15.4 | 7.3 (4.70–11.05) | 1.061 (0.568–1.982) | 10.1 (6.97–14.34) | 0.640 (0.395–1.035) |
 Bricks/stones | 782 | 31.5 | 7.7 (5.83–9.99) | 1.124 (0.643–1.966) | 12.9 (10.53–15.73) | 0.842 (0.550–1.265) |
 Concrete | 1057 | 42.5 | 6.3 (4.91–8.05) | 0.916 (0.528–1.589) | 10.4 (8.57–12.25) | 0.659 (0.441–0.985) |
 Metal | 15 | 0.6 | 20 (5.69–46.57) | 3.382 (0.870–13.148) | 20.0 (5.69–46.57) | 1.419 (0.381–5.272) |
 Statistical test |  | \(\chi_{4}^{2}\) = 3.99, P = 0.41 |  | \(\chi_{4}^{2}\) = 7.05, P = 0.13 |  | |
Floor of house | ||||||
 Soil | 424 | 17.1 | 8.0 (5.19–12.22) | 1 | 18.9 (14.30–24.40) | 1 |
 Sand | 173 | 6.9 | 6.9 (3.51–13.11) | 0.855 (0.432–1.693) | 7.5 (3.83–13.93) | 0.349 (0.189–0.646) |
 Natural hard surface | 99 | 3.9 | 10.1 (4.12–21.78) | 1.289 (0.614–2.706) | 4.0 (0.75–13.67) | 0.181 (0.065–0.507) |
 Straw/other overlay | 51 | 2.1 | 7.8 (3.67–15.18) | 0.976 (0.332–2.873) | 9.8 (5.17–17.28) | 0.467 (0.180–1.214) |
 Concrete/brick | 1513 | 60.9 | 6.7 (5.42–7.93) | 0.820 (0.548–1.230) | 11.4 (9.83–13.04) | 0.555 (0.415–0.742) |
 Wooden floor boards | 100 | 4.0 | 6.0 (2.65–12.38) | 0.732 (0.299–1.795) | 4.0 (1.38–9.85) | 0.179 (0.064–0.500) |
 Linoleum | 62 | 2.5 | 9.7 (4.80–18.08) | 1.229 (0.494–3.059) | 12.9 (6.94–21.86) | 0.637 (0.292–1.392) |
 Carpet | 6 | 0.2 | 0.0 (0–41.13) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0–41.13) |  |
 Tiles | 58 | 2.3 | 3.4 (0.99–9.64) | 0.410 (0.096–1.752) | 5.2 (1.98–12.15) | 0.235 (0.072–0.769) |
 Statistical test |  | \(\chi_{8}^{2}\) = 5.26, P = 0.73 |  | χ 28  = 41.10, P < 0.001 |  | |
Toilet | ||||||
 Flushing | 820 | 32.9 | 7.2 (5.37–9.51) | 1 | 7.6 (5.69–9.93) | 1 |
 Pit latrine | 1585 | 63.8 | 6.9 (5.63–8.12) | 0.953 (0.686–1.323) | 13.9 (12.24–15.65) | 1.981 (1.474–2.661) |
 None/Bush | 81 | 3.3 | 8.6 (3.60–18.32) | 1.220 (0.538–2.768) | 8.6 (3.60–18.32) | 1.156 (0.511–2.618) |
 Statistical test |  | \(\chi_{2}^{2}\) = 0.39, P = 0.82 |  | χ 22  = 23.43, P < 0.001 |  | |
Household contents index | ||||||
 0 | 385 | 15.5 | 9.4 (6.37–13.5) | 1 | 16.1 (12.11–20.97) | 1 |
 1 | 413 | 16.7 | 9.0 (5.96–13.28) | 0.954 (0.589–1.544) | 11.1 (7.67–15.71) | 0.653 (0.432–0.984) |
 2 | 824 | 33.1 | 5.7 (4.1–7.83) | 0.586 (0.373–0.922) | 14.9 (12.3–17.94) | 0.914 (0.654–1.275) |
 3 | 295 | 11.9 | 5.4 (3.49–8.31) | 0.556 (0.302–1.203) | 8.8 (6.27–12.31) | 0.504 (0.310–0.818) |
 4 | 205 | 8.2 | 7.3 (5.26–9.98) | 0.765 (0.409–1.434) | 4.9 (3.27–7.15) | 0.267 (0.134–0.533) |
 5 | 95 | 3.8 | 8.4 (3.15–19.05) | 0.891 (0.400–1.987) | 6.3 (1.94–16.6) | 0.351 (0.147–0.839) |
 6 | 67 | 2.6 | 11.9 (6.3–21.17) | 1.315 (0.582–2.968) | 7.5 (3.18–15.8) | 0.420 (0.162–1.087) |
 7 | 48 | 1.9 | 0.0 (0–10.78) | – | 4.2 (0.47–18.16) | 0.227 (0.054–0.958) |
 8 | 55 | 2.2 | 1.8 (0.29–7.26) | 0.180 (0.024–1.337) | 1.8 (0.29–7.26) | 0.096 (0.013–0.710) |
 9 | 63 | 2.5 | 4.8 (1.65–11.99) | 0.485 (0.145–1.624) | 4.8 (1.65–11.99) | 0.260 (0.079–0.857) |
10 | 36 | 1.4 | 11.1 (4.37–24.28) | 1.212 (0.406–3.621) | 16.7 (7.75–31.08) | 1.042 (0.416–2.609) |
 Statistical test |  | χ 21  = 22.58, P = 0.012 |  | χ 210  = 48.56, P < 0.001 |  | |
Provision of household water | ||||||
 Inside tap | 1329 | 53.5 | 6.8 (5.45–8.32) | 1 | 13.6 (11.78–15.46) | 1 |
 Outside tap | 46 | 1.9 | 6.5 (1.31–20.39) | 0.960 (0.292–3.157) | 8.7 (2.38–23.46) | 0.605 (0.214–1.705) |
 Shared tap | 27 | 1.1 | 3.7 (0.19–18.12) | 0.529 (0.071–3.947) | 0.0 (0.00–12.38) |  |
 Covered well | 126 | 5.1 | 8.7 (5.19–14.24) | 1.317 (0.684–2.534) | 4.8 (2.32–9.24) | 0.317 (0.138–0.731) |
 Uncovered well | 440 | 17.7 | 8.2 (5.27–12.52) | 1.227 (0.819–1.830) | 13.4 (9.52–18.43) | 0.982 (0.716–1.347) |
 Borehole | 164 | 6.6 | 6.1 (2.99–11.72) | 0.894 (0.455–1.755) | 9.8 (5.55–16.26) | 0.686 (0.400–1.176) |
 River | 54 | 2.2 | 9.3 (4.69–16.96) | 1.405 (0.547–3.613) | 16.7 (10.21–25.74) | 1.269 (0.610–2.639) |
 Bottled water | 300 | 12.1 | 6.3 (4.18–9.42) | 0.931 (0.558–1.552) | 5.0 (3.15–7.82) | 0.334 (0.194–0.575) |
 Statistical test |  | \(\chi_{7}^{2}\) = 2.9, P = 0.89 |  | χ 27  = 38.22, P < 0.001 |  | |
Farmer cultivate food | ||||||
 No | 1646 | 66.2 | 7.2 (5.92–8.42) | 1 | 12.7 (11.09–14.31) | 1 |
 Yes | 840 | 33.8 | 6.8 (4.99–9.08) | 0.943 (0.679–1.308) | 9.6 (7.49–12.28) | 0.734 (0.559–0.962) |
 Statistical test |  | \(\chi_{1}^{2}\) = 0.13, P = 0.72 |  | χ 21  = 5.18, P = 0.023 |  | |
Domesticated animals | ||||||
 No | 1240 | 49.9 | 6.3 (4.97–7.85) | 1 | 11.7 (9.90–13.48) | 1 |
 Yes | 1246 | 50.1 | 7.8 (6.31–9.50) | 1.258 (0.924–1.713) | 11.6 (9.86–13.42) | 0.995 (0.779–1.271) |
 Statistical test |  | (\(\chi_{1}^{2}\) = 2.13, P = 0.15) |  | (\(\chi_{1}^{2}\) = 0.002, P = 0.97) |  | |
No. of species of animals | ||||||
 0 | 1251 | 50.3 | 6.2 (4.93–7.78) | 1 | 11.7 (9.89–13.45) | 1 |
 1 | 690 | 27.8 | 7.5 (5.81–9.67) | 1.226 (0.852–1.764) | 12.2 (9.98–14.74) | 1.049 (0.788–1.396) |
 2 | 308 | 12.4 | 7.8 (5.37–11.20) | 1.271 (0.790–2.045) | 13.0 (9.79–17.04) | 1.130 (0.776–1.643) |
 3 | 123 | 4.9 | 9.8 (5.99–15.26) | 1.626 (0.859–3.078) | 6.5 (3.60–11.34) | 0.527 (0.252–1.100) |
 4 | 51 | 2.1 | 13.7 (8.04–22.07) | 2.392 (0.043–5.486) | 13.7 (8.04–22.07) | 0.473 (0.145–1.538) |
 5 | 62 | 2.5 | 3.2 (0.84–9.61) | 0.500 (0.120–2.089) | 14.5 (8.23–23.97) | 1.285 (0.618–2.650) |
 6 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.0 (0.00–95.0) | – | 0.0 (0.00–95.0) | – |
 Statistical test |  |  | \(\chi_{6}^{2}\) = 7.67, P = 0.26 |  | \(\chi_{6}^{2}\) = 7.08, P = 0.31 |  |