Table 3 Effect of ammonia, water types, and feed regimes on life history stages (Experiment 1)
Species | Water type | Feed regime | Ammonia (mg/l) | % Larval survival | % Pupal mortality | % Adult emergence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
An. coluzzii | Deionised | Solution | 0 | 77 (59–88) | 10 (3–26) | 67 (49–81) |
0.6 | 73 (56–86) | 0 | 73 (56–86) | |||
1.3 | 70 (52–83) | 13 (5–30) | 57 (39–73) | |||
2.5 | 57 (39–73) | 3 (1–17) | 53 (36–70) | |||
12.5 | 33 (19–51) | 23 (12–41) | 10 (3–26) | |||
25 | 3 (0–17) | 3 (0–17) | 0 | |||
62.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Powder | 0 | 77 (59–88) | 3 (1–17) | 73 (56–86) | ||
0.6 | 83 (66–93) | 27 (14–44) | 57 (39–73) | |||
1.3 | 80 (63–90) | 0 | 80 (63–90) | |||
2.5 | 50 (33–67) | 3 (1–17) | 47 (30–64) | |||
12.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
62.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Mineral | Solution | 0 | 80 (63–90) | 7 (2–21) | 73 (56–86) | |
0.6 | 80 (63–90) | 3 (1–17) | 77 (59–88) | |||
1.3 | 73 (56–86) | 10 (3–26) | 63 (46–78) | |||
2.5 | 67 (49–81) | 3 (1–17) | 63 (46–78) | |||
12.5 | 73 (56–86) | 3 (1–17) | 70 (52–83) | |||
25 | 10 (3–26) | 3 (1–17) | 7 (2–21) | |||
62.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Powder | 0 | 83 (66–93) | 10 (3–26) | 73 (56–86) | ||
0.6 | 80 (63–90) | 3 (1–17) | 77 (59–88) | |||
1.3 | 60 (42–75) | 3 (1–17) | 57 (39–73) | |||
2.5 | 73 (56–86) | 7 (2–21) | 67 (49–81) | |||
12.5 | 70 (52–83) | 17 (7–34) | 53 (36–70) | |||
25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
62.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
An. gambiae (s.s.) | Deionised | Solution | 0 | 86 (70–95) | 7 (2–21) | 80 (63–90) |
0.6 | 97 (83–99) | 10 (3–26) | 87 (70–95) | |||
1.3 | 90 (74–97) | 0 | 90 (74–97) | |||
2.5 | 87 (70–95) | 17 (13–34) | 70 (52–83) | |||
12.5 | 43 (27–61) | 23 (12–41) | 20 (10–37) | |||
25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
62.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Powder | 0 | 93 (79–98) | 93 (79–98) | |||
0.6 | 87 (70–95) | 13 (5–30) | 73 (56–86) | |||
1.3 | 93 (79–98) | 27 (14–44) | 67 (49–81) | |||
2.5 | 100(89–100) | 47 (30–64) | 53 (36–70) | |||
12.5 | 13 (5–30) | 13 (5–30) | 0 | |||
25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
62.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Mineral | Solution | 0 | 93 (79–98) | 17 (7–34) | 77 (59–88) | |
0.6 | 97 (83–99) 30 | 10 (3–26) 30 | 87 (70–95) 30 | |||
1.3 | 87 (70–95) | 3 (1–17) | 83 (66–93) | |||
2.5 | 100(89–100) | 0 | 100(89–100) | |||
12.5 | 93 (79–98) | 10 (3–26) | 83 (66–93) | |||
25 | 13 (5–30) | 7 (2–21) | 7 (2–21) | |||
62.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Powder | 0 | 93 (79–98) | 7 (2–21) | 87 (70–95) | ||
0.6 | 90 (74–97) | 3 (1–7) | 87 (70–95) | |||
1.3 | 97 (83–99) | 0 | 97 (83–99) | |||
2.5 | 93 (79–98) | 10 (3–26) | 83 (66–93) | |||
12.5 | 90 (74–97) | 13 (5–30) | 77 (59–88) | |||
25 | 20 (10–37) | 20 (10–37) | 0 | |||
62.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |