Visceral leishmaniasis outbreaks in Bihar: community-level investigations in the context of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem

Priyamvada, Khushbu; Bindroo, Joy; Sharma, Madan Prashad; Chapman, Lloyd A. C.; Dubey, Pushkar; Mahapatra, Tanmay; Hightower, Allen W.; Bern, Caryn; Srikantiah, Sridhar

doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04551-y

Table 3 Univariable analyses of risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) based on log-binomial regression models

From: Visceral leishmaniasis outbreaks in Bihar: community-level investigations in the context of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem

Characteristic	Cumulative VL incidence	Univariable analyses
Characteristic	n/N (%)	Relative risk	95% CI	p
Sex
Male	165/10689 (1.5)	1.42	1.15, 1.76	0.0009
Female	107/9960 (1.1)
Age group (years)
< 10	55/5296 (1.0)	Referent
10–19	79/4751 (1.7)	1.69	1.18, 2.43	0.005
20–34	52/4827 (1.1)	1.20	0.84, 1.72	0.312
35–49	44/3059 (1.4)	1.54	1.06, 2.26	0.025
≥ 50	42/2696 (1.6)	1.71	1.19, 2.47	0.004
Lives in predominantly SC/ST tola^a
Yes	217/5004 (4.3)	12.37	8.79, 17.41	< 0.0001
No	55/15658 (0.4)
Unskilled non-agricultural laborer
Yes	73/1143 (6.4)	3.95	2.49, 6.26	< 0.0001
No	199/19519 (1.0)
Ever sleeps outside
Yes	166/7528 (2.2)	2.40	1.83, 3.14	< 0.0001
No	106/13106 (0.8)
Sleeps on ground
Yes	155/3918 (4.0)	4.43	3.22, 6.10	< 0.0001
No	117/16686 (0.7)
Sleeps under net^b
Ever	145/15764 (0.9)	0.49	0.31, 0.80	0.004
Never	52/2462 (2.1)
Sleeps under net^b
Always	71/10963 (0.7)	0.47	0.32, 0.71	0.0003
Sometimes	74/4801 (1.5)	0.73	0.43, 1.24	0.246
Never	52/2462 (2.1)	Referent
Defecation site
Field	245/13204 (1.9)	5.28	3.28, 8.49	< 0.0001
Latrine or toilet	27/7451 (0.4)
Caste
Scheduled caste/tribe	219/6310 (3.5)	9.40	6.52, 13.53	< 0.0001
Other/general	53/1432 (0.4)
House materials^c
Kuccha	174/9560 (1.8)	2.00	1.42, 2.79	< 0.0001
Semipucca or pucca	98/11086 (0.9)
Crowding
≥ 3 people per room	186/10675 (1.7)	1.95	1.40, 2.73	< 0.0001
< 3 people per room	86/9968 (0.9)
Owns cow
Yes	109/11317 (1.0)	0.58	0.41, 0.80	0.0007
No	163/9336 (1.8)
Owns goats
Yes	132/8436 (1.6)	1.39	1.00, 1.93	0.047
No	140/12217 (1.2)
Owns pigs
Yes	21/456 (4.6)	3.39	1.88, 6.12	< 0.0001
No	251/20197 (1.2)
Migrated for work in past 3 years
Yes	96/4472 (2.2)	1.47	1.11, 1.94	0.007
No	176/16190 (1.1)
Migrated to work in brick kiln
Yes	75/1053 (7.1)	5.06	3.30, 7.76	< 0.0001
No	197/19609 (1.0)

Generalized estimating equations used to account for intra-household correlation
^aSC/ST, Scheduled caste/scheduled tribe; tola classification presented in detail in Additional file 2: Table S1
^bData missing for 2444 respondents, including 75 VL cases
^cKuccha, unfired mud brick; pucca, cement or fired brick; semi-pucca, a mixture of the two

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