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Table 3 Univariable analyses of risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) based on log-binomial regression models

From: Visceral leishmaniasis outbreaks in Bihar: community-level investigations in the context of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem

Characteristic

Cumulative VL incidence

Univariable analyses

n/N (%)

Relative risk

95% CI

p

Sex

    

 Male

165/10689 (1.5)

1.42

1.15, 1.76

0.0009

 Female

107/9960 (1.1)

   

Age group (years)

    

 < 10

55/5296 (1.0)

Referent

  

 10–19

79/4751 (1.7)

1.69

1.18, 2.43

0.005

 20–34

52/4827 (1.1)

1.20

0.84, 1.72

0.312

 35–49

44/3059 (1.4)

1.54

1.06, 2.26

0.025

 ≥ 50

42/2696 (1.6)

1.71

1.19, 2.47

0.004

Lives in predominantly SC/ST tolaa

   

 Yes

217/5004 (4.3)

12.37

8.79, 17.41

< 0.0001

 No

55/15658 (0.4)

   

Unskilled non-agricultural laborer

   

 Yes

73/1143 (6.4)

3.95

2.49, 6.26

< 0.0001

 No

199/19519 (1.0)

   

Ever sleeps outside

    

 Yes

166/7528 (2.2)

2.40

1.83, 3.14

< 0.0001

 No

106/13106 (0.8)

   

Sleeps on ground

    

 Yes

155/3918 (4.0)

4.43

3.22, 6.10

< 0.0001

 No

117/16686 (0.7)

   

Sleeps under netb

    

 Ever

145/15764 (0.9)

0.49

0.31, 0.80

0.004

Never

52/2462 (2.1)

   

Sleeps under netb

    

 Always

71/10963 (0.7)

0.47

0.32, 0.71

0.0003

 Sometimes

74/4801 (1.5)

0.73

0.43, 1.24

0.246

 Never

52/2462 (2.1)

Referent

  

Defecation site

    

 Field

245/13204 (1.9)

5.28

3.28, 8.49

< 0.0001

 Latrine or toilet

27/7451 (0.4)

   

Caste

    

 Scheduled caste/tribe

219/6310 (3.5)

9.40

6.52, 13.53

< 0.0001

 Other/general

53/1432 (0.4)

   

House materialsc

    

 Kuccha

174/9560 (1.8)

2.00

1.42, 2.79

< 0.0001

 Semipucca or pucca

98/11086 (0.9)

   

Crowding

    

 ≥ 3 people per room

186/10675 (1.7)

1.95

1.40, 2.73

< 0.0001

 < 3 people per room

86/9968 (0.9)

   

Owns cow

    

 Yes

109/11317 (1.0)

0.58

0.41, 0.80

0.0007

 No

163/9336 (1.8)

   

Owns goats

    

 Yes

132/8436 (1.6)

1.39

1.00, 1.93

0.047

 No

140/12217 (1.2)

   

Owns pigs

    

 Yes

21/456 (4.6)

3.39

1.88, 6.12

< 0.0001

 No

251/20197 (1.2)

   

Migrated for work in past 3 years

   

 Yes

96/4472 (2.2)

1.47

1.11, 1.94

0.007

 No

176/16190 (1.1)

   

Migrated to work in brick kiln

   

 Yes

75/1053 (7.1)

5.06

3.30, 7.76

< 0.0001

 No

197/19609 (1.0)

   
  1. Generalized estimating equations used to account for intra-household correlation
  2. aSC/ST, Scheduled caste/scheduled tribe; tola classification presented in detail in Additional file 2: Table S1
  3. bData missing for 2444 respondents, including 75 VL cases
  4. cKuccha, unfired mud brick; pucca, cement or fired brick; semi-pucca, a mixture of the two
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