|
Characteristic
|
Cumulative VL incidence
|
Univariable analyses
|
|---|
|
n/N (%)
|
Relative risk
|
95% CI
|
p
|
|---|
|
Sex
| | | | |
|
Male
|
165/10689 (1.5)
|
1.42
|
1.15, 1.76
|
0.0009
|
|
Female
|
107/9960 (1.1)
| | | |
|
Age group (years)
| | | | |
|
< 10
|
55/5296 (1.0)
|
Referent
| | |
|
10–19
|
79/4751 (1.7)
|
1.69
|
1.18, 2.43
|
0.005
|
|
20–34
|
52/4827 (1.1)
|
1.20
|
0.84, 1.72
|
0.312
|
|
35–49
|
44/3059 (1.4)
|
1.54
|
1.06, 2.26
|
0.025
|
|
≥ 50
|
42/2696 (1.6)
|
1.71
|
1.19, 2.47
|
0.004
|
|
Lives in predominantly SC/ST tolaa
| | | |
|
Yes
|
217/5004 (4.3)
|
12.37
|
8.79, 17.41
|
< 0.0001
|
|
No
|
55/15658 (0.4)
| | | |
|
Unskilled non-agricultural laborer
| | | |
|
Yes
|
73/1143 (6.4)
|
3.95
|
2.49, 6.26
|
< 0.0001
|
|
No
|
199/19519 (1.0)
| | | |
|
Ever sleeps outside
| | | | |
|
Yes
|
166/7528 (2.2)
|
2.40
|
1.83, 3.14
|
< 0.0001
|
|
No
|
106/13106 (0.8)
| | | |
|
Sleeps on ground
| | | | |
|
Yes
|
155/3918 (4.0)
|
4.43
|
3.22, 6.10
|
< 0.0001
|
|
No
|
117/16686 (0.7)
| | | |
|
Sleeps under netb
| | | | |
|
Ever
|
145/15764 (0.9)
|
0.49
|
0.31, 0.80
|
0.004
|
|
Never
|
52/2462 (2.1)
| | | |
|
Sleeps under netb
| | | | |
|
Always
|
71/10963 (0.7)
|
0.47
|
0.32, 0.71
|
0.0003
|
|
Sometimes
|
74/4801 (1.5)
|
0.73
|
0.43, 1.24
|
0.246
|
|
Never
|
52/2462 (2.1)
|
Referent
| | |
|
Defecation site
| | | | |
|
Field
|
245/13204 (1.9)
|
5.28
|
3.28, 8.49
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Latrine or toilet
|
27/7451 (0.4)
| | | |
|
Caste
| | | | |
|
Scheduled caste/tribe
|
219/6310 (3.5)
|
9.40
|
6.52, 13.53
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Other/general
|
53/1432 (0.4)
| | | |
|
House materialsc
| | | | |
|
Kuccha
|
174/9560 (1.8)
|
2.00
|
1.42, 2.79
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Semipucca or pucca
|
98/11086 (0.9)
| | | |
|
Crowding
| | | | |
|
≥ 3 people per room
|
186/10675 (1.7)
|
1.95
|
1.40, 2.73
|
< 0.0001
|
|
< 3 people per room
|
86/9968 (0.9)
| | | |
|
Owns cow
| | | | |
|
Yes
|
109/11317 (1.0)
|
0.58
|
0.41, 0.80
|
0.0007
|
|
No
|
163/9336 (1.8)
| | | |
|
Owns goats
| | | | |
|
Yes
|
132/8436 (1.6)
|
1.39
|
1.00, 1.93
|
0.047
|
|
No
|
140/12217 (1.2)
| | | |
|
Owns pigs
| | | | |
|
Yes
|
21/456 (4.6)
|
3.39
|
1.88, 6.12
|
< 0.0001
|
|
No
|
251/20197 (1.2)
| | | |
|
Migrated for work in past 3 years
| | | |
|
Yes
|
96/4472 (2.2)
|
1.47
|
1.11, 1.94
|
0.007
|
|
No
|
176/16190 (1.1)
| | | |
|
Migrated to work in brick kiln
| | | |
|
Yes
|
75/1053 (7.1)
|
5.06
|
3.30, 7.76
|
< 0.0001
|
|
No
|
197/19609 (1.0)
| | | |
- Generalized estimating equations used to account for intra-household correlation
- aSC/ST, Scheduled caste/scheduled tribe; tola classification presented in detail in Additional file 2: Table S1
- bData missing for 2444 respondents, including 75 VL cases
- cKuccha, unfired mud brick; pucca, cement or fired brick; semi-pucca, a mixture of the two
