Fig. 1

Genetic distance between N. caninum isolates from bovine foetuses collected in Lombardy, northern Italy, is associated with the geographical distance of the sampling sites. a Graphical representation of a linear regression model to associate Bruvo’s genetic distance of N. caninum in bovine foetuses and spatial distance of sampling sites (km). b Dendrogram representing the results of K-means clustering using Bruvo’s distance with non-parametric bootstrapping; the analysis identified at least four groups (different colours of sample designation, consisting of a string of sample ID, village name, and farm number), separated by bootstrap values > 50. c Map showing farm locations, using the same colours as for the groups in the dendrogram