From: 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling as a promising target for the chemical control of malaria vectors
Method | Species | Phenotype | References |
---|---|---|---|
20E signaling regulates egg production and egg hatching | |||
20E injection (engorged females) | An. freeborni | Longer retention of blood meal | [171] |
20E injection (virgin females) | An. arabiensis, An. gambiae | Increased oviposition and refractoriness to further mating | [122] |
EcR silencing (adult females) | Ae. aegypti | Reduced egg production Inhibition genes involved in autophagy Decreased size of ovarian follicles Egg developmental defects (failure of eggs to develop after first oviposition) | [172] |
EcR silencing (adult females) | An. gambiae | ~ 74.4% decreased expression of MISO (gene regulating oogenesis and oviposition) ~ 54% decreased expression of Vg (gene regulating vitellogenesis) | [123] |
EcR silencing (adult females) | An. gambiae | Reduced egg clutch size | [105] |
USP silencing (adult females) | An. gambiae | Reduced correlation between egg production and pathogen development | [105] |
20E agonist methoxyfenozide (eggs) | Cx. pipiens | 46.99% inhibitory effect on egg hatchability Slowed development Atypical hatching observed | [131] |
20E agonist halofenozide (4th instar larvae) | Cx. pipiens | Developmental abnormalities in newly eclose adults 23% reduction of hatch rate and 14% reduction of fecundity | [173] |
20E agonist methoxyfenozide (adult females) | An. gambiae | 95% reduction in egg batch size 98.7% of treated females lacked mature ovarian follicles | [23] |
Reducing 20E titers and activity (adult males) | An. gambiae | Females mating with those 20E-impaired males fail to oviposit after blood feeding | [25] |
Reducing 20E activity (adult females) | An. gambiae | Reduced egg clutch size | [105] |
20E signaling regulates larval/pupal development | |||
20E agonist halofenozide (4th instar larvae) | Cx. pipiens | Developmental abnormalities observed in larvae and pupae Decreased body weight of fourth instar larvae due to decreased nutrient uptake | [173] |
20E agonists RH-5849, RH-5992 & RH-2485 (larvae) | Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. gambiae | Concentrations above 100 μg/100 ml resulted in 100% larval mortality in An. gambiae Concentrations above 200 μg/100 ml resulted in 100% larval mortality in Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus | [26] |
20E agonist methoxyfenozide (larvae) | C. morsitans | Premature moulting High larval mortality Incomplete pupation Adult females that survived had reduced fecundity/fertility | [104] |
20E agonist halofenozide (larvae) | Cx. pipiens | Reduced number of cuticular hydrocarbons in larvae | [174] |
20E agonist halofenozide (larvae) | Cx. pipiens | Failure to ecdyse Increased cuticular thickness | [175] |
20E agonists Tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, halofenozide & KU-106 (larvae) | An. gambiae | Larval mortality | [27] |
Feeding larvae with transgenic algae expressing dsRNA against HR3a | Ae. aegypti | Larvae died prematurely Shorter larvae (body length) Abnormal midgut morphology Delay in life-cycle | [176] |
20E signaling regulates mating, fecundity and longevity | |||
20E injection (virgin females) | An. gambiae | Lifetime refractoriness to mating in females Eggs laid were sterile | [25] |
20E agonist methoxyfenozide (adult females) | An. gambiae | Reduction in mated females by 65% Reduced longevity | [23] |
20E signaling regulates mosquitoes’ ecdysteroid levels | |||
Reducing 20E titer by silencing spook (adult females) | An. gambiae | Decreased ecdysteroid production in ovaries | [44] |
Reducing 20E activity by injecting E220b | An. gambiae | Fourfold decreased ecdysteroid production 26 h after blood meal | [105] |
20E signaling regulates Plasmodium and bacterial infection | |||
20E agonist methoxyfenozide (adult females) | An. gambiae | Infection by Plasmodium falciparum reduced by 87% | [23] |
20E agonist halofenozide (adult females) | An. gambiae | P. berghei infection prevalence reduced by ~ 40% Reduction in oocyst intensity | [24] |
20E agonist halofenozide (USP-silenced adult females) | An. gambiae | No effect on P. berghei infection prevalence | [24] |
EcR silencing (adult females) | An. gambiae | Reduced P. falciparum oocyst prevalence by 11–24% Reduced P. falciparum extrinsic incubation period, as indicated by earlier invasion of salivary glands with sporozoites Higher infectious sporozoite prevalence and intensity in EcR-silenced females at 10 dpi and 12 dpi, respectively | [105] |
Reducing 20E activity by injecting E220a (adult females) | An. gambiae | Reduced oocyst intensity Reduced P. falciparum EIP, as indicated by earlier invasion of salivary glands with sporozoites | [105] |
20E injection 24 h before infection (adult females) | An. gambiae | Reduced P. berghei oocyst prevalence and intensity Reduced E. coli infection | [106] |
20E injection 2 h after infection (adult females) | An. gambiae | No effect on P. berghei oocyst prevalence and intensity | [164] |
20E injection (adult females) | An. coluzzii | P. falciparum oocyst prevalence increased by ~ 93% P. falciparum oocyst intensity increased by > 100% | [125] |
20E signaling regulates pyrethroid resistance | |||
Reducing 20E titer by silencing spookiestc (adult females) | Cx. pipiens pallens | The resistant strain became increasingly susceptible to deltamethrin | [107] |
Reducing 20E titer by silencing shadec (adult females) | Cx. pipiens pallens | The resistant strain became increasingly susceptible to deltamethrin | [108] |