|
Variable
|
Category
|
2 Years (n = 261)
|
3 Years (n = 268)
|
5 Years (n = 247)
|
Age-adjusted
|
Multivariable effects
|
|---|
|
Overall
|
% Positive
|
Overall
|
% Positive
|
Overall
|
% Positive
|
OR (95%CI)
|
p-value
|
OR (95% CI)
|
p-value
|
|---|
|
Age
|
Age
| | | | | | |
1.77 (1.39–2.27)
|
< 0.001
|
2.06 (1.66–2.56)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Maternal seropositivity
|
No
|
51 (19.5%)
|
45.1%
|
53 (19.8%)
|
54.7%
|
46 (18.6%)
|
71.7%
|
1
| |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
210 (80.5%)
|
50.0%
|
215 (80.2%)
|
68.4%
|
201 (81.4%)
|
83.1%
|
1.69 (1.18–2.42)
|
0.004
|
1.46 (0.97–2.13)
|
0.064
|
|
Sex
|
Male
|
121 (46.4%)
|
50.4%
|
127 (47.4%)
|
72.4%
|
117 (47.4%)
|
86.3%
|
1
| |
1
| |
|
Female
|
140 (53.6%)
|
47.9%
|
141 (52.6%)
|
59.6%
|
130 (52.6%)
|
76.2%
|
0.65 (0.49–0.87)
|
0.004
|
0.66 (0.48–0.89)
|
0.006
|
|
Maternal age (years)
|
≤ 20
|
67 (25.7%)
|
50.8%
|
72 (26.9%)
|
72.2%
|
69 (27.9%)
|
85.5%
|
1
| | | |
|
21–29
|
129 (49.4%)
|
49.6%
|
132 (49.3%)
|
65.9%
|
121 (49.0%)
|
79.3%
|
0.89 (0.63–1.26)
|
0.505
| | |
|
≥ 30
|
65 (24.9%)
|
46.2%
|
64 (23.9%)
|
57.8%
|
57 (23.1%)
|
79.0%
|
0.69 (0.46–1.04)
|
0.073
| | |
|
Maternal ethnicity
|
Afro-Ecuadorian
|
81 (31.0%)
|
55.6%
|
84 (31.3%)
|
69.1%
|
78 (31.6%)
|
82.1%
|
1
| |
1
| |
|
Non-Afro Ecuadorian
|
180 (69.0%)
|
46.1%
|
194 (68.7%)
|
64.1%
|
169 (68.4%)
|
80.5%
|
0.73 (0.53–0.99)
|
0.047
|
0.65 (0.47–0.91)
|
0.011
|
|
Maternal educational level
|
Illiterate
|
43 (16.5%)
|
55.8%
|
49 (18.3%)
|
75.5%
|
44 (17.8%)
|
86.4%
|
1
| |
1
| |
|
Completed primary
|
167 (64.0%)
|
50.3%
|
167 (35.1%)
|
63.5%
|
156 (63.2%)
|
82.7%
|
0.61 (0.40–0.90)
|
0.014
|
0.61 (0.40–0.93)
|
0.021
|
|
Completed secondary
|
51 (19.5%)
|
39.2%
|
52 (19.4%)
|
63.5%
|
47 (19.0%)
|
70.2%
|
0.44 (0.27–0.71)
|
0.001
|
0.57 (0.34–0.96)
|
0.034
|
|
Socioeconomic statusa
|
Low
|
90 (34.5%)
|
56.7%
|
93 (34.7%)
|
69.9%
|
86 (34.8%)
|
88.4%
|
1
| |
1
| |
|
Medium
|
91 (35.3%)
|
50.0%
|
94 (35.1%)
|
62.8%
|
84 (34.0%)
|
78.6%
|
0.61 (0.43–0.86)
|
0.005
|
0.62 (0.43–0.89)
|
0.010
|
|
High
|
79 (30.3%)
|
39.2%
|
81 (30.2%)
|
64.2%
|
77 (31.2%)
|
75.3%
|
0.50 (0.35–0.72)
|
< 0.001
|
0.60 (0.40–0.89)
|
0.009
|
|
Household dogs
|
No
|
187 (71.7%)
|
48.7%
|
186 (70.2%)
|
62.9%
|
117(48.6%)
|
77.8%
|
1
| | | |
|
Yes
|
74 (28.4%)
|
50.0%
|
79 (29.8%)
|
70.9%
|
124(51.5%)
|
83.9%
|
1.27 (0.92–1.75)
|
0.140
| | |
|
Household cats
|
No
|
203 (77.8%)
|
47.3%
|
193 (72.8%)
|
61.7%
|
120(49.8%)
|
79.2%
|
1
| |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
58 (22.2%)
|
55.2%
|
72 (22.2%)
|
75.0%
|
121(50.2%)
|
82.6%
|
1.39 (1.00–1.93)
|
0.051
|
1.40 (0.99–1.97)
|
0.055
|
|
Household dogs and/or cats
|
No
|
157 (60.2%)
|
47.1%
|
143 (54.0%)
|
59.4%
|
78 (32.4%)
|
78.2%
|
1
| | | |
|
Yes
|
104 (39.8%)
|
51.9%
|
122 (46.0%)
|
72.1%
|
163 (67.6%)
|
82.2%
|
1.32 (0.99–1.77)
|
0.063
| | |
|
Maternal STH
|
No
|
139 (53.7%)
|
44.6%
|
136 (51.1%)
|
61.8%
|
126 (51.4%)
|
74.6%
|
1
| | | |
|
Yes
|
120 (46.3%)
|
54.2%
|
130 (48.9%)
|
69.2%
|
119 (48.6%)
|
87.4%
|
1.58 (1.19–2.12)
|
0.002
| | |
|
Childhood STH
|
No
|
234 (90.7%)
|
44.9%
|
212 (80.6%)
|
61.8%
|
165 (68.2%)
|
75.2%
|
1
| |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
24 (9.3%)
|
83.3%
|
51 (19.4%)
|
78.4%
|
77 (31.8%)
|
92.2%
|
2.55 (1.71, 3.83)
|
< 0.001
|
2.29 (1.51–3.47)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Area of residence
|
Urban
|
180 (68.9%)
|
48.3%
|
183 (68.3%)
|
66.1%
|
170 (68.8%)
|
82.4%
|
1
| | | |
|
Rural
|
81 (31.1%)
|
50.6%
|
85 (31.7%)
|
64.7%
|
77 (31.2%)
|
77.9%
|
0.96 (0.70–1.30)
|
0.777
| | |
|
Household overcrowdingb
|
No
|
149 (57.1%)
|
45.6%
|
153 (57.1%)
|
63.4%
|
140 (56.7%)
|
45.6%
|
1
| | | |
|
Yes
|
81 (42.9%)
|
53.6%
|
115 (42.9%)
|
68.7%
|
107 (43.3%)
|
53.6%
|
1.41 (1.05–1.89)
|
0.021
| | |
|
Bathroom type
|
Latrine
|
170 (65.1%)
|
51.8%
|
176 (65.7%)
|
68.8%
|
159 (64.4%)
|
83.0%
|
1
| | | |
|
Water Closet
|
91 (34.9%)
|
44.0%
|
92 (34.3%)
|
59.8%
|
88 (35.6%)
|
77.3%
|
0.72 (0.53–0.97)
|
0.029
| | |
- Not shown are covariates Age2 [unadjusted Odds ratio (OR) 0.987, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.979–0.994, P = 0.001; adjusted OR 0.982, 95% CI 0.975–0.989, P < 0.001] and Age3 (unadjusted OR 1.0001, 95% CI 1.00004–1.0002, P < 0.001; adjusted OR 1.00015, 95% CI 1.0001–1.0002, P < 0.001), both of which were included in the multivariable model. ORs and 95% CIs were estimated using generalized estimating equations
- P < 0.05 in italics
- aSocioeconomic status represents tertiles of z-scores obtained using a factor analysis
- bHousehold overcrowding is defined as > 3 people per sleeping room
