Controlling mosquitoes with semiochemicals: a review

Wooding, Madelien; Naudé, Yvette; Rohwer, Egmont; Bouwer, Marc

doi:10.1186/s13071-020-3960-3

Parasites & Vectors

Table 1 List of identified semiochemicals used by mosquitoes during mating, oviposition, host-seeking and sugar feeding

From: Controlling mosquitoes with semiochemicals: a review

Mosquito species	Semiochemicals involved in key behavioural strategies of mosquitoes
Mosquito species	Mating	Oviposition	Host-seeking	Sugar feeding
Ae. aegypti	2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dione (ketoisophorone)^a [26]	Phenol [11, 40]	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	Terpineol [96]
	2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexane-1,4-dione^a [26]	p-Cresol [40]	Lactic acid [11]/(S)-lactic acid [9, 19]	Geraniol [96]
	1-(4-Ethylphenyl) ethanone^a [26]	3-Methylindole (skatole) [40]	(R)-1-Octen-3-ol [69, 111]	Eugenol [96]
	CHs^b: Me-C₂₉, n-heptadecane, n-pentacosane, n-hexacosane^c [24]	4-Ethylphenol (stimulant) [40]	Hexanoic acid [69]	Citral [96]
		Camphor (stimulant) [40]	2-Compound blend: octanal and nonanal [69]	Citronellol [96]
		β-pinene (stimulant) [40]	Geranyl acetone [69, 72]	Fatty acids [96]
		Borneol (stimulant) [40]	6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one [69]	Amyl acetate [96]
		Borneol acetate (stimulant) [40]	Linalool [69, 72]	Toluene [96]
		3-compound blend: nonanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid and methyl tetradecanoate [53]	4-Compound blend: heptanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal [112]	Phenylethyl alcohol [96]
		3-compound blend: 3-methylindole, p-cresol and phenol [59]	Sulcatone [72]	Phenylacetaldehyde [96]
		CHs [24]	Dodecanal [72]	Lilac aldehyde [96]
		6-hexanolactone [55]	Limonene [72]	(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate [96]
		Methyl dodecanoate [55]	2-Ethyl hexanol [72]	Linalool oxide [96]
		Dodecanoic acid [55]	Butyric acid [72]	Linalool [96]
		Methyl tetradecanoate [55]	Heptanoic acid [72]	Benzaldehyde [96]
		Tetradecanoic acid [55]	Octanoic acid [72]	Lilac alcohol [96]
		Methyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate [55]	Nonanoic acid [72]	Acetophenone [96]
		Methyl hexadecanoate [55]		Methyl salicylate [96]
		(Z)-9-Hexadecenoic acid [55]		Hexanal [96]
		Hexadecanoic acid [55]		1-Hexenol [96]
		Methyl-(Z)-9-octadecenoate [55]		(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol [96]
		Methyl octadecenoate [55]		Benzenoids [104]
		(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid [55]		20-Compound blend: butanoic acid^d, 2-methylpropionic acid^d, 2-methylbutanoic acid^d, 3-methylbutanoic acid^d, benzoic acid^d, hexanoic acid^d, (−)-α-pinene^d, (−)-β-pinene, (−)-sabinene, (E/Z)-ocimene, germacrene-D, benzaldehyde^d, acetophenone^d, artemisia ketone, umbellulone, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, hexyl acetate, yomogi alcohol, phenyl-2,3-butanedione, 3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-butanone [103]
		Octadecanoic acid [55]		Nonanal [102]
		n-Heneicosane [56]
		Propyl octadecanoate [58]
Ae. albopictus	–	3-Methylindole (skatole) [11, 40]	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	–
		p-Cresol [40, 41]	1-Octen-3-ol [11]
		CHs [24]
Ae. triseriatus	–	p-Cresol [37, 40]	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	–
		o-Cresol [40]	1-Octen-3-ol [11]
		4-Methylcyclohexanol [40]
		2,4-Dimethylphenol [40]
		2,3-Dimethylphenol [40]
		4-Ethylphenol [40]
An. gambiae	CHs: Me-C₂₉, Me-C₃₀, Me-C ^c₃₁ [24]	3-Methylindole (skatole) [41]	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	Hexanal [94]
		Cedrol [46]	Octanal [113]	β-Pinene [94]
			Decanal [113]	Limonene [94]
			2-Nonanone [113]	β-Ocimene [94]
			Benzothiazole [113]	(E)-Linalool oxide [94]
			2-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]-ethanol [113]	(E)-β-Farnesene [94]
			5-Compound blend with butan-1-amine, 2-pentadecanone and 1-dodecanol [114]	3-Compound blend: (E)-linalool oxide, β-pinene, β-ocimene [115]
			(E)-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid [84]
			(Z)-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid [84]	Sesquiterpenes and alkenes [104]
			7-Octenoic acid [84]
			Acetone [11]
			Lactic acid [11]/(S)-lactic acid [9, 19]
			1-Octen-3-ol [11]
			4-Methylphenol [11]
			Aliphatic carboxylic acids [11]
			Carboxylic acids [9]
			Ammonia [9]
			3-Compound blend: ammonia, (S)-lactic acid and tetradecanoic acid [1, 90, 91]
			5-Compound blend [the Mbita blend (MB)]: butan-1-amine, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ammonia, (S)-lactic acid and tetradecanoic acid [1, 66]
			3-Methyl-1-butanol [92] 2-Butanone (as CO₂ substitute) [71]
			4-Compound blend: heptanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal [115]
			3-Compound blend: heptanal, nonanal and octanal [82]
An. arabiensis	CHs: n-hentriancontane, Me-C₂₉, Me-C₃₀, Me-C ^c₃₁ [24]	8-Compound blend: ß-caryophyllene, decanal, sulcatone (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one), limonene, 3-carene, ß-pinene and α-pinene [49]	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	Cyclic and bicyclic Monoterpenes [97]
		3-Compouond blend: benzaldehyde, nonanal and (1R)-(+)-α-pinene [50]	5-Compound blend: butan-1-amine, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ammonia, (S)-lactic acid and tetradecanoic acid [66]
		4-Compound blend: benzaldehyde, nonanal, (1R)-(+)-α-pinene and p-cymene [50]	2-Butanone (as CO₂ substitute) [71]
			5-Compound blend with 1-dodecanol [114]
An. funestus	–	–	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	–
			5-Compound blend: butan-1-amine, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ammonia, (S)-lactic acid and tetradecanoic acid [66]
			2-Butanone (as CO₂ substitute) [71]
			5-Compound blend with 2-pentadecanone [114]
An. stephensi	–	CHs: C₂₁-fatty acid ester, propyl octadecanoate [58]	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	–
			Acetone [11]
			1-Octen-3-ol [11]
An. coluzzii	–	Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) [116]	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	–
		Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) [116]	(R)-1-Octen-3-ol [111]
		6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone) (repellent) [116]
Cx. quinquefasciatus	CHs^c [24]	Erythro-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide (Culex oviposition pheromone) [42,43,44]	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	–
		5-Compound blend: phenol, 4-methylphenol. 4-ethylphenol, indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) [11, 51]	(E)-2-Decenal [85]
		Skatole [40, 41]	Undecanal [85]
		Acetaldehyde [60]	Dodecanal [85]
		p-cresol [40]	Tertradecanal [85]
		2-tridecanone [40]	Pentadecanal [85]
		Indole [40]	Hexadecanal [85]
		Trimethylamine [40]	Heptadecanal [85]
		Nonanal [40]	Octadecanal [85]
			4-Compound blend: CO₂, acetone, 1-octenol-3-ol and butonoic acid [9].
			1-Octen-3-ol [11]/ (R)-1-octen-3-ol [111]
Cx. tarsalis	CHs^c [24]	Erythro-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide [11, 45]	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	–
		p-cresol [40]	1-Octen-3-ol [11]
		Indole [40]
		Skatole [40]
		Dimethyltrisulfide [40]
		Phenol [40]
		Nonanal [40]
		Naphthalene (stimulant) [40]
Cx. pipiens	CHs^c [24]	–	CO₂ [11, 19, 61]	Terpineol [96]
			Lactic acid [11]	Geraniol [96]
				Eugenol [96]
				Citral [96]
				Citronellol [96]
				Fatty acids [96]
				Amyl acetate [96]
				Toluene [96]
				Phenylethyl alcohol [96]
				Phenylacetaldehyde [96]
				Lilac aldehydes [96]
				(Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate [96]
				Linalool oxide [96]
				Linalool [96]
				Benzaldehyde [96]
				Lilac alcohol [96]
				Acetophenone [96]
				Methyl salicylate [96]
				Hexanal [96]
				1-Hexenol [96]
				(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol [96]
				Benzenoids [104]
				20-Compound blend: butanoic acid^d, 2-methylpropionic acid^d, 2-methylbutanoic acid^d, 3-methylbutanoic acid^d, benzoic acid^d, hexanoic acid^d, (−)-α-pinene^d, (−)-β-pinene, (−)-sabinene, (E/Z)-ocimene, germacrene-d, benzaldehyde^d, acetophenone^d, artemisia ketone, umbellulone, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, hexyl acetate, yomogi alcohol, phenyl-2,3-butanedione, 3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-butanone [103]

^aAggregation pheromone
^bCHs: cuticular hydrocarbons
^cContact pheromones
^dHuman shared semiochemicals used during sugar feeding

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