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Table 1 List of studied localities and their characteristics

From: Dynamic of resistance alleles of two major insecticide targets in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) populations from Benin, West Africa

Locality

Environment

Agricultural practice

Agroclimatic zone

Insecticide pressure origin

Reference

Cotonou

Urban

Vegetables

Guinean

Agriculture (OCs/OPs/PYRs)

[6]

Grand-Popo

Urban

Vegetables

Guinean

Agriculture (OCs/OPs/PYRs)

Present study

Bohicon

Urban

Cereals/Cotton

Soudano-Guinean

Agriculture (OCs/OPs/PYRs)

[6]

Abomey

Urban

Cereals/Cotton

Soudano-Guinean

Agriculture (OCs/OPs/PYRs)

[6]

Glazoue

Urban

Cereals

Soudano-Guinean

Agriculture (OCs/OPs/PYRs)

[6]

Kandi

Rural

Cotton

Soudanian

Agriculture (OCs/OPs/PYRs)

[6]

Bembèrèkè

Rural

Cotton

Soudanian

Agriculture (OCs/OPs/PYRs)

[6]

Tori-Bossito

Rural

Cereals/Fruits

Guinean

MVCI (CXs/PYRs)

[6]

Avrankou

Rural

Cereals

Guinean

MVCI (CXs/PYRs)

Present study

Djougou

Urban

Cotton

Soudanian

MVCI (CXs/PYRs)

[6]

Natitingou

Urban

Cotton

Soudanian

MVCI (OPs/CXs/PYRs)

[6]

Comé

Rural

Cereals

Guinean

Average

[11]

Covè

Rural

Cereals

Soudano-Guinean

Average

Present study

  1. The collection period was from August to September in 2013, 2014 and 2015
  2. Notes: OCs, PYRs, OPs and CXs correspond to organochlorines, pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates insecticides, respectively. MVCI corresponds to areas with reinforced malaria vector control interventions. Agriculture corresponds to areas where exposure to insecticides results mostly from their uses for crop cultures. Average corresponds to areas with limited insecticide uses for domestic agriculture and vector control (low turnover of impregnated bednets, see text)