Table 2 Frequencies of L1014F-VGSC and G119S-ace-1 mutations over ten years (2006–2015) in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) populations of Benin
Species | Locality | Year | Insecticide resistance alleles | Reference | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G119S-ace-1 | P-value | L1014F-VGSC | P-value | ||||||||||
SS | RS | RR | f | SS | RS | RR | f | ||||||
An. arabiensis | Bembèrèkè | 2013 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0.30 | ns | Present study |
2014 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0.03 | Present study | ||||
Bohicon | 2006 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | [6] | |
2008 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0.57 | [29] | ||||
2014 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Present study | ||||
Djougou | 2014 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | Present study | |
2015 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | Present study | ||||
Glazoué | 2007 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | *** | [6] | |
2013 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 56 | 0.97 | Present study | ||||
Kandi | 2007 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | [6] | |
2013 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 2 | 0.05 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Present study | ||||
An. coluzzii | Abomey | 2006 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0.17 | ns | [6] |
2013 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 50 | 3 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 1 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 1 | Present study | ||||
Avrankou | 2013 | 35 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ns | 5 | 8 | 24 | 0.76 | ns | Present study | |
2014 | 59 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | 44 | 0.84 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 0.67 | Present study | ||||
Bembèrèkè | 2015 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 3 | 7 | 3 | 0.50 | – | Present study | |
Bohicon | 2006 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | ***(ns) | [6] | |
2008 | – | – | – | – | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0.21 | [29] | ||||
2010 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 | 11 | 0.92 | [29] | ||||
2013 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 40 | 0.94 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 24 | 0.91 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 0.98 | Present study | ||||
Comè | 2009 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 1 | 11 | 18 | 0.78 | *(ns) | [30] | |
2013 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 53 | 0.97 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 51 | 1 | 0 | 0.01 | 2 | 12 | 37 | 0.84 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 53 | 0.94 | Present study | ||||
Cotonou | 2006 | – | – | – | – | ns | 93 | 140 | 67 | 0.46 | *** | [31] | |
2007 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | 79 | 0.90 | [6] | ||||
2008 | – | – | – | – | 3 | 5 | 31 | 0.86 | [29] | ||||
2009 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 29 | 97 | 0.86 | |||||
2010 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 9 | 37 | 0.90 | [29] | ||||
2013 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 57 | 0.98 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 33 | 3 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 1 | 35 | 0.99 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 27 | 24 | 0.64 | Present study | ||||
Covè | 2013 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 0 | 11 | 47 | 0.91 | ns | Present study | |
2014 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 46 | 0.88 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 56 | 0.97 | Present study | ||||
Djougou | 2015 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | Present study | |
Glazoué | 2013 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ns | Present study | |
2014 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0.75 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Present study | ||||
Grand-Popo | 2013 | 56 | 7 | 0 | 0.06 | ns | 0 | 3 | 60 | 0.98 | ns | Present study | |
2014 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 21 | 38 | 0.81 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 57 | 1 | 0 | 0.01 | 11 | 19 | 28 | 0.65 | Present study | ||||
Kandi | 2014 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.25 | – | Present study | |
Tori Bossito | 2007 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 33 | 8 | 0 | 0.10 | *** | [32] | |
2008 | 62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 16 | 13 | 0.34 | [32] | ||||
2009 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 5 | 25 | 0.92 | [29] | ||||
2010 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 14 | 16 | 0.77 | [29] | ||||
2013 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 58 | 0.98 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 29 | 0.89 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 24 | 29 | 0.71 | Present study | ||||
An. gambiae (s.s.) | Abomey | 2006 | 52 | 16 | 0 | 0.12 | *** | 2 | 8 | 58 | 0.91 | ns | [6] |
2013 | 47 | 2 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 49 | 1 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 30 | 1 | 0 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 1 | Present study | ||||
Avrankou | 2013 | 22 | 1 | 0 | 0.02 | – | 3 | 5 | 15 | 1 | – | Present study | |
Bembèrèkè | 2007 | 57 | 5 | 0 | 0.04 | * (ns) | 5 | 15 | 42 | 0.80 | ns | [6] | |
2013 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 46 | 0.99 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 17 | 0.81 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 0.47 | Present study | ||||
Bohicon | 2006 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0.17 | ns | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0.88 | ns | [6] | |
2008 | – | – | – | – | 3 | 6 | 16 | 0.76 | [29] | ||||
2009 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 4 | 41 | 0.96 | [29] | ||||
2010 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 7 | 26 | 0.89 | [29] | ||||
2013 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 0.96 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 33 | 0.97 | Present study | ||||
Comè | 2013 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.00 | – | Present study | |
Covè | 2014 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.00 | ns | Present study | |
2015 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.00 | Present study | ||||
Djougou | 2007 | 39 | 3 | 0 | 0.04 | ns | 1 | 10 | 31 | 0.86 | ns | [6] | |
2013 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 57 | 0.98 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 52 | 0.96 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 51 | 4 | 0 | 0.04 | 1 | 0 | 54 | 0.98 | Present study | ||||
Glazoué | 2007 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0.10 | ns | [6] | |
2013 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 1 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 0.97 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | Present study | ||||
Kandi | 2007 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ns | 7 | 8 | 15 | 0.63 | *** | [6] | |
2009 | 90 | 3 | 0 | 0.02 | 80 | 104 | 90 | 0.52 | [11] | ||||
2013 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 41 | 0.93 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 16 | 0.80 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 45 | 0.78 | Present study | ||||
Natitingou | 2007 | 47 | 1 | 0 | 0.01 | ns | 1 | 13 | 47 | 0.88 | *** | [6] | |
2012 | – | – | – | – | 33 | 11 | 0 | 0.13 | [33] | ||||
2013 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 1 | Present study | ||||
2014 | 46 | 3 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 49 | 1 | Present study | ||||
2015 | 46 | 12 | 0 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 1 | Present study | ||||
Tori Bossito | 2007 | 144 | 2 | 0 | 0.01 | ns | 74 | 62 | 10 | 0.28 | *** | [32] | |
2008 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 32 | 32 | 0.45 | |||||
2009 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 5 | 20 | 0.90 | [29] | ||||
2010 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 5 | 5 | 0.68 | [29] | ||||
2014 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 1 | Present study | ||||
An. coluzii × An. gambiae (s.s.) hybrids | Abomey | 2013 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | – | Present study |
Bohicon | 2013 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | – | Present study | |
Bembèrèkè | 2015 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.5 | – | Present study | |
Djougou | 2015 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | – | Present study | |
Tori Bossito | 2014 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | – | Present study | |