Table 1 Countries with reported T. vivax infection in diverse host species tested with diverse methods
Country | Host species studied | Test method | Number of tests (total = 232,627) | Number of positives (total =24,420) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | Cattle | Reverse line blot | 186 | 16 | [217] |
Benin | Buffoon kob, cattle, hartebeest, roan antelope, warthog, waterbuck, | Thin and thick blood smears | 312 | 205 | |
Bolivia | Cattle | Thin blood smear, Giemsa stained blood smear, PCR | 1520 | 311 | |
Botswana | Cape buffalo, cattle, donkey, goat, greater kudu, impala, lechwe, reedbuck, sable antelope, tsessebe | MHCT/Woo test, Giemsa stained thick and thin blood smear, IFAT | 3040 | 399 | |
Brazil | Cattle, donkey, goat, horse, pampas deer, sheep, domestic buffalo | MHCT/Woo test, PCR, IFAT, thin and thick blood smear, buffy coat smear, Ab-ELISA, PCR | 11468 | 4079 | [4, 51, 58,59,60,61,62, 71, 72, 81, 83,84,85, 91, 94, 112, 116, 125,126,127, 154, 156, 212, 219, 220, 226, 228, 242, 244, 250, 274, 277] |
Burkina Faso | Cattle | Buffy coat smear, Ag-ELISA, Ab-ELISA, PCR | 11095 | 1095 | |
Cameroon | African civet, black legged mangoose, black striped duiker, blue duiker, bosman potto, brush tailed porcupine, cattle, cloaked mangabey, crested mangabey, crocodile, dark mangoose, de Brazza’s monkey, dog, dwarf guenon, giant forest squirrel, giant rat, goat, golden cat, golden potto, greater cane rat, greater white-nosed monkey, guereza white colobus, long-tailed pangolin, mandrill, mona monkey, monitor lizard, moustached monkey, ogilby’s duiker, Peter’s duiker,pig, red-legged sun squirrel, royal antelope, sheep, sitatunga, small-spotted genet, tree dassie, tree pangolin, two-spotted palm civet, water chevrotain, white-eyelid mangabey, yellow-backed duiker | Buffy coat smear, PCR | 4176 | 406 | |
Chad | Cattle | Buffy coat smear, Ab-ELISA | 1866 | 435 | [93] |
Colombia | Cattle, goat, sheep | Blood smear, PCR, IFAT | 6712 | 1699 | |
Costa Rica | Cattle | Blood smear, IFAT | 642 | 53 | |
Côte d’Ivoire | Cattle, goat, pig, sheep | MHCT/Woo test, PCR | 2185 | 195 | |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | Cattle, dog, goat, pig, sheep | MHCT/Woo test, ELISA | 685 | 41 | |
Ecuador | Cattle | IFAT | 310 | 70 | [274] |
El Salvador | Cattle | IFAT | 100 | 15 | [274] |
Equatorial Guinea | Goat, sheep | PCR | 559 | 10 | [79] |
Ethiopia | Cattle, donkey, dromedary camel, goat, horse, mule, sheep | Giemsa stained blood smear, blood smear, buffy coat smear, MHCT/Woo test, thin and thick blood smear, Ab-ELISA, PCR | 55196 | 2600 | [6, 43, 44, 48, 64, 69, 70, 74,75,76, 86, 87, 92, 98, 101, 103, 107, 113,114,115, 122, 142, 144, 145, 152, 178,179,180,181,182, 184, 187, 191, 229, 230, 240, 248, 257, 258, 262, 264,265,266] |
French Guiana | Cattle | Ag-ELISA | 3000 | 870 | [95] |
Gabon | Cattle | Buffy coat smear, Ag-ELISA, PCR | 442 | 26 | |
Gambia | Cattle, donkey, goat, horse, sheep | Buffy coat smear, Giemsa stained blood smear, Ab-ELISA, PCR | 5745 | 1329 | |
Ghana | Cattle, goat, pig, sheep | Buffy coat smear, PCR, Ag-latex agglutination test | 1786 | 231 | |
Guyana | Goat, sheep | MHCT/Woo test, IFAT | 467 | 15 | |
Kenya | Black rhinoceros, cattle, dromedary camel, goat, horse, pig, sheep | Thin and thick blood smear, Giemsa stained blood smear, buffy coat smear, MHCT/Woo test, Ag-ELISA, PCR | 5156 | 845 | [66, 146, 172, 174, 183, 185, 196, 200, 201, 208, 209, 227, 261, 267, 275] |
Liberia | Cattle | Giemsa stained blood smear, IFAT, Ab-ELISA | 700 | 327 | |
Malawi | Cattle | Giemsa stained blood smear | 9309 | 9 | [271] |
Mali | Cattle | Buffy coat smear | 796 | 34 | [192] |
Martinique | Cattle | IFAT | 227 | 0 | [50] |
Mozambique | Cattle | Blood smear | 16895 | 1245 | [254] |
Namibia | Cattle | Giemsa stained thick and thin blood smear, MHCT | 1481 | 15 | [270] |
Nigeria | Cattle, dog, goat, horse, sheep | Blood smear, Giemsa stained blood smear, MHCT/buffy coat smear, MHCT/Woo test, Ag-ELISA, PCR | 20080 | 2926 | [52, 53, 63, 88, 89, 104,105,106, 108,109,110, 134, 137,138,139,140, 153, 166, 206, 207, 211, 214, 234,235,236,237, 259, 269, 276] |
Pakistan | Donkey, horse, mule | PCR | 300 | 0 | [231] |
Paraguay | Cattle | IFAT | 15 | 6 | [274] |
Peru | Cattle | Blood smear, MHCT/Woo test, Giemsa stained blood smear, IFAT, PCR | 985 | 119 | |
Rwanda | Cattle | Blood smear | 3630 | 36 | [12] |
Senegal | Cattle, dog, donkey, goat, horse, sheep | Buffy coat smear, blood smears, Ab-ELISA, PCR | 4890 | 365 | |
South Africa | Cattle | PCR | 143 | 30 | [169] |
Sudan | Cattle, donkey, dromedary camel, horse | Blood smear, Buffy coat smear, PCR | 4426 | 366 | |
Tanzania | African civet, bohor reedbuck, cattle, Coke’s hartebeest, giraffe, Grant’s gazelle, hunting dog, impala, Kirk’s dikdik, klipspringer, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest, oribi, oryx, ostrich, pig, roan antelope, southern reedbuck, steinbuck, Thomson’s gazelle, tsessebe, warthog, wildebeest, zebra | Blood smear, thin and thick blood smear, Giemsa stained blood smear, buffy coat smear, PCR, PCR-LAMP | 9974 | 431 | [5, 56, 78, 130, 131, 133, 141, 147, 149, 188, 194, 203, 247, 256] |
Togo | Cattle | PCR-RFLP | 354 | 27 | [263] |
Uganda | Cattle, dog, donkey, goat, pig, sheep | Giemsa stained blood smear, MHCT/Woo test, thick and thin blood smear, buffy coat smear, Ab-ELISA, PCR | 28510 | 1932 | [47, 49, 54, 57, 67, 68, 77, 82, 158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165, 189, 190, 195, 205, 273] |
Venezuela | Cattle, horse, sheep, domestic buffalo | MHCT/Woo test, stained blood smear, IFAT, Ab-ELISA, PCR | 6328 | 1373 | |
Zambia | African civet, baboon, bat, black rhinoceros, bushbuck, cane rat, Cape buffalo, cattle, crocodile, eland, elephant, genet, giraffe, goat, greater kudu, grey duiker, grysbok, hare, hartebeest, hippopotamus, hunting dog, hyena, impala, jackal, leopard, lion, mongoose, pig, porcupine, puku, reedbuck, roan antelope, serval, vervet monkey, warthog, waterbuck, wild cat, wildebeest, zebra | PCR, buffy coat smear | 6936 | 234 |