Table 3 Overview of results on Taenia spp. egg presence in soil and water and on objects
Country | Climate zonea | Medium | Identification method | Result (N = sample size) | Year of publication | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cameroon | Tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climate | Water: Marshy areas | Formalin–ether concentration and Kato-Katz technique | Taenia spp. eggs detected with a maximum of 118 eggs/l in short rainy season (N = 96) | 2019 | [109] |
Canada | Subarctic and tundra climate | Sediment: Water supply for cattle | Sedimentation and Sheather’s flotation technique | 9 eggs in total (N = 482) | 2004 | [86] |
Iraq | Hot desert, hot semi-arid and Mediterranean hot summer climate | Soil: Public squares and parks | Zinc sulphate flotation | 6.2% (Taenia spp.) (N = 48) | 2015 | [104] |
Mexico | Tropical, arid and semi-arid climate | Soil: In village with porcine cysticercosis | Modified Faust’s technique | No eggs of Taenia spp. (N = 400) | 1989 | [48] |
Mexico | Tropical, arid and semi-arid climate | Soil: in and around houses | Centrifugation/flotation | 6% (N = 15) (T. solium) | 1991 | [105] |
Mexico | Tropical, arid and semi-arid climate | Drinking water | Light microscopy of sediment after centrifugation | 8% (N = 12) (T. solium) | 1991 | [105] |
Mexico | Tropical, arid and semi-arid climate | Objects: Houses of tapeworm carriers (T. solium) | Method of Graham: microscopy after collecting eggs with cellulose tape | 0% (N = 35) | 1991 | [105] |
Mexico | Tropical, arid and semi-arid climate | Soil: In and around houses (toilet, backyard, kitchen, washboard, water containers, corrals) | Centrifugation/flotation | 43% of samples positive for Taenia spp. eggs in spring (N = 109), 7.8% in summer (N = 116), 29.2% in autumn (N = 113) and 17% in winter (N = 53). Highest prevalence in kitchen soil samples | 2008 | [85] |
Nigeria | Tropical savanna climate with hot semi-arid climate in the North | Soil: Playgrounds | Sieving, sedimentation, flotation | 36.9% (N = 608) (Taenia spp./Echinococcus spp.) Higher prevalence in dry period | 2008 | [106] |
Peru | Hot desert, tundra and tropical rainforest climate | Soil: Village | Sugar–Percoll sedimentation | 2.9% (N = 336) (Taenia spp.) | 2018 | [108] |
Slovakia | Humid continental climate | Soil: Sandpits | Sheather’s flotation technique | 0.7% (N = 285) (Taenia spp.) | 2014 | [18] |
Turkey | Mixed cold semi-arid, Mediterranean and Continental hot summer climate | Soil: Playgrounds | Zinc sulphate flotation | 1% (N = 480) (Taenia spp.) | 2006 | [107] |
Zimbabwe | Hot semi-arid and dry-winter subtropical highland climate | Drinking water: Boreholes, bowsers, lakes, rivers, springs, taps and wells | Filtration/ centrifugation | Taenia spp. eggs found in rivers and lakes (sample size and prevalence not indicated) | 2011 | [16] |