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Table 1 Pooled prevalence of coccidia in pigs in China

From: Prevalence of coccidia in domestic pigs in China between 1980 and 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Variables

Number of studies

Number of pigs tested

Number of pigs positive for coccidia

Percentage pigs positive for coccidia (95% CI)

Heterogeneity

Univariate meta-regression

Joint analysisa

χ2

P value

I2 (%)

P value

Coefficient (95% CI)

Adjusted R2b

Regionc

0.047

0.426 (0.005–0.847)

29.02%

 North China

1

230

91

39.6% (33.7–46.4)

0.00

–

–

 

 Northwest China

4

1776

394

39.6% (16.7–93.6)

556.35

< 0.01

99.5%

 

 Northeast China

3

1657

657

33.7% (23.3–48.7)

178.30

< 0.01

96.1%

 

 East China

14

11132

1876

17.6% (10.7–28.9)

5747.85

0.00

99.7%

 

 Central China

13

11583

2889

25.0% (18.2–34.2)

1360.95

< 0.01

99.1%

 

 South China

13

12716

2548

16.1% (12.3–21.0)

791.56

< 0.01

97.9%

 

 Southwest China

11

7892

2014

26.4% (16.4–42.4)

2155.79

0.00

99.5%

 

Detection methods

0.014

1.205 (0.240–2.170)

32.3%

 Centrifugal flotation method

4

1701

613

40.7% (19.8–83.6)

479.61

< 0.01

99.4%

   

 Direct smear

3

3198

174

6.7% (3.0–14.9)

48.28

< 0.01

95.9%

   

 Flotation method (NaCl)

23

18197

4290

26.8% (18.8–38.1)

8450.65

0.00

99.7%

   

 Flotation method (NaCl, Suc)

8

9540

2375

24.0% (16.5–34.9)

831.00

0.00

99.2%

   

 Flotation method (Suc)

3

3439

805

11.3% (4.3–29.7)

48.47

< 0.01

95.9%

   

 Other methods

8

6905

809

12.3% (7.6–19.1)

340.04

< 0.01

97.9%

   

Sampling years

0.002

− 0.538 (− 0.876 to − 0.200)

57.81%

 2000 or earlier

14

3756

1540

32.6% (25.8–41.1)

1479.09

< 0.01

98.6%

 

 2001–2011

16

18208

4021

20.3% (16.1–25.6)

1078.59

< 0.01

98.6%

 

 2012 or later

9

12381

2061

14.3% (8.2–24.8)

1639.23

0

99.5%

   

Pig agesd

0.025

− 0.400 (− 0.750 to − 0.049)

43.93%

 Suckling piglets

30

13552

2764

19.9% (17.0–23.4)

1189.50

< 0.01

95.9%

 

 Weaning pigs

20

6224

806

11.6% (8.2–16.4)

621.77

< 0.01

96.8%

 

 Growing pigs

13

6611

884

12.0% (8.7–16.6)

558.78

< 0.01

96.4%

 

 Finishing pigs

16

3371

1143

26.2% (20.1–34.1)

601.53

< 0.01

97.3%

 

Gender

0.533

0.178 (− 0.382 to 0.739)

7.44%

 Boars

13

1565

386

19.4% (13.5–27.9)

188.80

< 0.01

93.6%

 

 Sows

19

4449

1075

21.1% (14.8–30.3)

1409.60

< 0.01

98.7%

 

Feeding model

0.016

0.529 (0.100–0.958)

40.2%

 Extensive

14

7014

1788

29.5% (18.4–47.1)

3766.53

0.00

99.7%

 

 Intensive

36

35564

7224

17.3% (14.4–20.9)

3235.66

0.00

98.9%

 

Seasone

0.018

0.610 (0.103–1.116)

47.11%

 Spring and summer

11

4431

1383

32.0% (24.0–42.7)

716.32

< 0.01

97.9%

   

 Autumn and winter

5

2554

522

16.0% (9.6–26.5)

579.36

< 0.01

97.6%

   

Quality level

0.000

0.741 (0.352 –1.131)

28.84%

 Low

5

4163

1468

32.9% (26.1–41.6)

108.57

< 0.01

96.3%

 

 Middle

25

18109

4998

29.1% (22.1–38.3)

8028.51

< 0.01

99.7%

 

 High

20

24654

4003

14.1% (10.4–19.0)

2255.46

< 0.01

99.2%

 

Total

50

46926

10469

21.9% (17.5–27.4)

17697.68

0.000

99.7%

   
  1. CI Confidence interval
  2. aJoint analysis: results of each subgroup joint test with provinces
  3. bAdjusted R2: proportion of between-study variance explained
  4. cNorthern China: Hebei; Northwestern China: Shaanxi. Northeastern China: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning. Eastern China: Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Zhejiang. Central China: Henan, Hubei. Southern China: Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan. Southwestern China: Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan
  5. dSuckling piglets (age: days 0–30); weaning pigs (days 28–63); growing pigs (days 63–168); finishing pigs (older than 168 days)
  6. eSpring and summer: March through August. Autumn and winter: September through February.
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