|
Variables
|
Number of studies
|
Number of pigs tested
|
Number of pigs positive for coccidia
|
Percentage pigs positive for coccidia (95% CI)
|
Heterogeneity
|
Univariate meta-regression
|
Joint analysisa
|
|---|
|
χ2
|
P value
|
I2 (%)
|
P value
|
Coefficient (95% CI)
|
Adjusted R2b
|
|---|
|
Regionc
|
0.047
|
0.426 (0.005–0.847)
|
29.02%
|
|
North China
|
1
|
230
|
91
|
39.6% (33.7–46.4)
|
0.00
|
–
|
–
| |
|
Northwest China
|
4
|
1776
|
394
|
39.6% (16.7–93.6)
|
556.35
|
< 0.01
|
99.5%
| |
|
Northeast China
|
3
|
1657
|
657
|
33.7% (23.3–48.7)
|
178.30
|
< 0.01
|
96.1%
| |
|
East China
|
14
|
11132
|
1876
|
17.6% (10.7–28.9)
|
5747.85
|
0.00
|
99.7%
| |
|
Central China
|
13
|
11583
|
2889
|
25.0% (18.2–34.2)
|
1360.95
|
< 0.01
|
99.1%
| |
|
South China
|
13
|
12716
|
2548
|
16.1% (12.3–21.0)
|
791.56
|
< 0.01
|
97.9%
| |
|
Southwest China
|
11
|
7892
|
2014
|
26.4% (16.4–42.4)
|
2155.79
|
0.00
|
99.5%
| |
|
Detection methods
|
0.014
|
1.205 (0.240–2.170)
|
32.3%
|
|
Centrifugal flotation method
|
4
|
1701
|
613
|
40.7% (19.8–83.6)
|
479.61
|
< 0.01
|
99.4%
| | | |
|
Direct smear
|
3
|
3198
|
174
|
6.7% (3.0–14.9)
|
48.28
|
< 0.01
|
95.9%
| | | |
|
Flotation method (NaCl)
|
23
|
18197
|
4290
|
26.8% (18.8–38.1)
|
8450.65
|
0.00
|
99.7%
| | | |
|
Flotation method (NaCl, Suc)
|
8
|
9540
|
2375
|
24.0% (16.5–34.9)
|
831.00
|
0.00
|
99.2%
| | | |
|
Flotation method (Suc)
|
3
|
3439
|
805
|
11.3% (4.3–29.7)
|
48.47
|
< 0.01
|
95.9%
| | | |
|
Other methods
|
8
|
6905
|
809
|
12.3% (7.6–19.1)
|
340.04
|
< 0.01
|
97.9%
| | | |
|
Sampling years
|
0.002
|
− 0.538 (− 0.876 to − 0.200)
|
57.81%
|
|
2000 or earlier
|
14
|
3756
|
1540
|
32.6% (25.8–41.1)
|
1479.09
|
< 0.01
|
98.6%
| |
|
2001–2011
|
16
|
18208
|
4021
|
20.3% (16.1–25.6)
|
1078.59
|
< 0.01
|
98.6%
| |
|
2012 or later
|
9
|
12381
|
2061
|
14.3% (8.2–24.8)
|
1639.23
|
0
|
99.5%
| | | |
|
Pig agesd
|
0.025
|
− 0.400 (− 0.750 to − 0.049)
|
43.93%
|
|
Suckling piglets
|
30
|
13552
|
2764
|
19.9% (17.0–23.4)
|
1189.50
|
< 0.01
|
95.9%
| |
|
Weaning pigs
|
20
|
6224
|
806
|
11.6% (8.2–16.4)
|
621.77
|
< 0.01
|
96.8%
| |
|
Growing pigs
|
13
|
6611
|
884
|
12.0% (8.7–16.6)
|
558.78
|
< 0.01
|
96.4%
| |
|
Finishing pigs
|
16
|
3371
|
1143
|
26.2% (20.1–34.1)
|
601.53
|
< 0.01
|
97.3%
| |
|
Gender
|
0.533
|
0.178 (− 0.382 to 0.739)
|
7.44%
|
|
Boars
|
13
|
1565
|
386
|
19.4% (13.5–27.9)
|
188.80
|
< 0.01
|
93.6%
| |
|
Sows
|
19
|
4449
|
1075
|
21.1% (14.8–30.3)
|
1409.60
|
< 0.01
|
98.7%
| |
|
Feeding model
|
0.016
|
0.529 (0.100–0.958)
|
40.2%
|
|
Extensive
|
14
|
7014
|
1788
|
29.5% (18.4–47.1)
|
3766.53
|
0.00
|
99.7%
| |
|
Intensive
|
36
|
35564
|
7224
|
17.3% (14.4–20.9)
|
3235.66
|
0.00
|
98.9%
| |
|
Seasone
|
0.018
|
0.610 (0.103–1.116)
|
47.11%
|
|
Spring and summer
|
11
|
4431
|
1383
|
32.0% (24.0–42.7)
|
716.32
|
< 0.01
|
97.9%
| | | |
|
Autumn and winter
|
5
|
2554
|
522
|
16.0% (9.6–26.5)
|
579.36
|
< 0.01
|
97.6%
| | | |
|
Quality level
|
0.000
|
0.741 (0.352 –1.131)
|
28.84%
|
|
Low
|
5
|
4163
|
1468
|
32.9% (26.1–41.6)
|
108.57
|
< 0.01
|
96.3%
| |
|
Middle
|
25
|
18109
|
4998
|
29.1% (22.1–38.3)
|
8028.51
|
< 0.01
|
99.7%
| |
|
High
|
20
|
24654
|
4003
|
14.1% (10.4–19.0)
|
2255.46
|
< 0.01
|
99.2%
| |
|
Total
|
50
|
46926
|
10469
|
21.9% (17.5–27.4)
|
17697.68
|
0.000
|
99.7%
| | | |
- CI Confidence interval
- aJoint analysis: results of each subgroup joint test with provinces
- bAdjusted R2: proportion of between-study variance explained
- cNorthern China: Hebei; Northwestern China: Shaanxi. Northeastern China: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning. Eastern China: Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Zhejiang. Central China: Henan, Hubei. Southern China: Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan. Southwestern China: Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan
- dSuckling piglets (age: days 0–30); weaning pigs (days 28–63); growing pigs (days 63–168); finishing pigs (older than 168 days)
- eSpring and summer: March through August. Autumn and winter: September through February.
