Fig. 9

Effect of beech mast score 2 years prior on the DIN. Beech tree mast scores of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 refer to very poor mast, poor mast, moderate mast, good mast, and full mast, respectively. The parameter estimates used to calculate the effect sizes were taken from the model-averaged parameter estimates in Additional file 1: Section 6. Increasing the beech tree mast score 2 years prior from 1 (poor mast) to 5 (full mast) increased the DIN by 85.5% at each of the four elevation sites