Fig. 5

Traditional morphometrics of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis heads. Upper panels a–c: head size divergence among geographic (a) and ecological (b) populations. Population codes: TS Tsáchilas (dark green), MN Manabí (orange), EO El Oro (blue), LJ Loja (dark red), PE Peru (black). The primary habitat of each population is indicated in b: “Palms” for the the northern TS + MN populations (light green) and “Nests” for the southern-Andean EO + LJ + PE populations (bright red). Box plots (a, b) show medians (thick horizontal lines), quartiles (boxes) and values that fall within 1.5-fold the inter-quartile range (whiskers); note a single small-sized outlier (empty circle in a) in the MN population. Colored circles and error bars show population means and 95% confidence intervals. c Relation between head length (yellow dotted line in Fig. 2) and width (measurement “A” in Fig. 2), as the mean and range of raw length:width values; note the elongated heads of TS and MN bugs and the shorter, stouter heads of LJ, EO and PE bugs. d, e Size and shape divergence among geographic populations. d Isometry-free canonical discriminant analysis of linear head measurements; the asterisk indicates the position of a specimen from Suyo (Catamayo-Chira basin, Peru) in discriminant space. e Size-free canonical discriminant analysis on the residuals of linear regression of the first principal component on each head measurement. CV Canonical vector. See text for methodological details