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Table 3 Onchocercid nematodes, their hosts and location, vectors and the main supergroup of Wolbachia detected

From: Wolbachia: endosymbiont of onchocercid nematodes and their vectors

Onchocercids

Host

Location

Vector

Wolbachia supergroup

References

Onchocercinae

[102]

 Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides

Canids

Coelomic cavity and subcutaneous tissue

Hippobosca

Heterodoxus

NA

[102]

 Acanthocheilonema reconditum

Canids

Subcutaneous tissue

Ctenocephalides

Pulex

Heterodoxus

Absent

[102]

 Acanthocheilonema viteae

Rodents

Subcutaneous tissue

Ornithodoros

Absent

[102]

 Acanthocheilonema odendhali

Northern fur seal

–

–

Absent

[13]

 Brugia malayi

Humans

Lymphatic system, lymph nodes, testes

Mansonia

Anopheles

Aedes

D

[102]

 Brugia pahangi

Dogs, felids

Lymphatic system, lymph nodes, testes

Anopheles

Aedes

D

[102]

 Brugia timori

Humans

Lymphatic system, lymph nodes, testes

Anopheles

Aedes

D

[102]

 Cercopithifilaria grassii

Dogs

Subcutaneous tissue

Rhipicephalus spp.

NA

[102]

 Cercopithifilaria japonica

Ursidae (Black bear)

Oesophageal and tracheal connective tissue

–

F

[12]

 Cercopithifilaria crassa

Sika deer

Dermis

Ixodid ticks

Absent

[12]

 Cercopithifilaria longa

Sika deer

Subcutaneous connective tissues between muscles and skin of limbs and trunk

Ixodid ticks

Absent

[12]

 Cercopithifilaria minuta

Japanese serow

Skin

Ixodid ticks

Absent

[12]

 Cercopithifilaria multicauda

Japanese serow

Skin

Ixodid ticks

Absent

[12]

 Cercopithifilaria roussilhoni

Brush–tailed porcupine

Skin

Ixodid ticks

Absent

[12]

 Cercopithifilaria shohoi

Japanese serow

Skin

Ixodid ticks

Absent

[12]

 Cercopithifilaria tumidicervicata

Japanese serow

Skin

Ixodid ticks

Absent

[12]

 Litomosa westi

Rodents

Abdominal and pleural cavities

Ornithonyssus spp.

D

[49]

 Litomosoides sigmodontis

Rodents

Coelomic cavity

Ornithonyssus

D

[102]

 Litomosoides taylori

Water nectomys

Abdominal cavity

Suspected to be mites or bat flies

D

[12]

 Litomosoides braziliensis

Bats

Abdominal cavity

Suspected to be mites or bat flies

D

[13, 49, 207]

 Litomosoides solarii

Bats

Abdominal cavity

Suspected to be mites or bat flies

D

[13, 207]

 Litomosoides hamletti

Bats

Abdominal cavity

Suspected to be mites or bat flies

D

[49, 207]

 Litomosoides galizai

Murids

Coelomic cavity

Bdellonyssus bacoti

D

[49]

 Litomosa chiropterorum

   

Absent

[12]

 Litomosa yutajensis

   

Absent

[12]

 Litomosoides chagasfilhoi

Mongolian gerbils

Abdominal cavity

Ornithonyssus bacoti

D

[208]

 Loxodontofilaria caprini

Serows

Subcutaneous tissue mainly of limbs

Simulium japonicum

T. japonensis (suspected vector)

C

[12, 209]

 Montanema martini

Typical striped grass mouse

Skin

Ixodid ticks

Absent

[12]

 Mansonella ozzardi

Humans

Coelomic cavity

Culicoides

Simulium

F

[49, 210]

 Mansonella perstans

Humans and monkeys

Coelomic cavity

Culicoides

F

[102, 210]

 Mansonella streptocerca

Humans and monkeys

Intradermal

Culicoides grahamii

NA

[102, 210]

 Mansonella perforata

Sika deer

Dermis

Culicoides spp.

F

[12, 210]

 M. (T.) atelensis amazonae

Primates, Cebidae

Subscapular region

Culicoides spp.

F

[12, 210]

 Onchocerca cervicalis

Equids

Nuchal ligament

Culicoides

C

[102]

 Onchocerca gutturosa/ Onchocerca lienalis

Bovids

Nuchal ligament, connective tissue, gastro splenic ligament

Simulium arakawae Simulium daisense Simulium kyushuense

Culicoides

C

[12, 209]

 Onchocerca lupi

Canids

–

Unknown

C

[102]

 Onchocerca ochengi

Bovids

Intradermal

Simulium

C

[102]

 Onchocerca volvulus

Humans

Subcutaneous tissue

Simulium

C

[102]

 Onchocerca armillata

Bovids

occasionally

camel

Thoracic aorta

Midges (Culicoides),

Blackflies (Simulium)

C

[12]

 Onchocerca borneensis n. sp.

Suids

Footpads of the hind limbs

 

C

[12]

 Onchocerca dewittei japonica

Suids

Nodular fibrous structures in the footpads of fore- and hind limbs

Simulium bidentatum

C

[12, 207, 209]

Onchocerca caprini

Bovids

Skin

Simulium sp.

C

[12]

 Onchocerca suzukii

Bovids

Subcutaneous tissue of the body, mainly in the thoracic area and pelvic limbs

Simulium japonicum

Prosimulium sp. (Suspected vector)

C

[12, 209]

 Onchocerca cervipedis

Cervids

Subcutaneous tissues of the legs

Prosimulium impostor Simulium decorum Simulium venustum

C

[211]

 Onchocerca boehmi

Equids

Arteries and veins of the limbs

Not known

C

[212]

 Onchocerca skrjabini

Cervids, bovids

Subcutaneous tissues of muzzle, hocks and to a lesser extend in brisket and shoulder

Simulium arakawae, Simulium bidentatum, Simulium oitanum (Putative vector)

C

[12, 209]

 Onchocerca eberhardi

Cervids

Carpal ligament

Simulium arakawae, Simulium bidentatum, Simulium oitanum (Putative vector)

C

[12, 209]

 Onchocerca gibsoni

Bovines

Subcutaneous and intermuscular nodules

Culicoides spp.

C

[34]

 Onchocerca fasciata

Camels

Subcutaneous tissue and nuchal ligament

Unknown

–

[213]

 Onchocerca jakutensis

Red deer, humans

Tissues of the outer thigh and the caudal part of the back; eye, neck and face nodules

 

–

[214]

 Wuchereria bancrofti

Humans

Lymphatic system, lymph nodes, testes

Culex

Anopheles

Aedes

D

[102]

 Dipetalonema gracile

Capuchin monkey

Abdominal cavity

Culicoides spp.

J

[13, 207, 215, 216]

 Dipetalonema robini

New world monkey

Peritoneal cavity

Culicoides spp.

J

[13, 207, 216]

 Dipetalonema caudispina

New world monkey

Peritoneal cavity

Culicoides spp.

J

[13, 207, 216]

 Dipetalonema graciformis

New world monkey

Peritoneal cavity

Culicoides spp.

J

[216, 217]

 Malayfilaria sofiani

Tree shrews

Tissues surrounding the lymph nodes of the neck

Not known

D

[207]

 Cruorifilaria tuberocauda

Capybara

Kidney

Not known

J

[13]

 Yatesia hydrochoerus

Capybara

Skeletal muscle

Amblyomma sp?

J

[13]

Breinlia (Breinlia) jittapalapongi

Tanezumi rat

Peritoneal cavity

–

Absent

[13]

Dirofìlariinae

     

 Dirofilaria immitis

Canids, felids

Right ventricle pulmonary artery

Aedes

C

[102]

 Dirofilaria repens

Canids, felids

Subcutaneous tissue

Culex

Aedes

C

[102]

 Loa loa

Humans

Subcutaneous tissue

Chrysops

Absent

[102]

 Foleyella candezei

Rainbow agama

Subcutaneous tissue

 

Absent

[12]

 Pelecitus fulicaeatrae

Black-necked grebe

Ankle region

Lice

Absent

[13]

Setariinae

     

 Setaria equina

Horses

Coelomic cavity

Aedes

Absent

[102]

 Setaria tundra

Roedeer

Peritoneal cavity

Aedes sp., Anopheles sp.

Absent

[13]

 Setaria digitata

cattle

Peritoneal cavity

Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, Hyrcanus, Armigeres

Absent

[12]

Splendidofilariinae

     

 Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi

Eurasian golden oriole

Body and pericardial cavity

–

NA

[13]

 Madathamugadia hiepei

Turner's thick-toed gecko

–

Phlebotomus sp.?

F

[13]

 Aproctella sp. 1

Rufous-bellied Thrush

Green-winged saltator

–

–

Absent

[12]

Icosiellinae

     

 Icosiella neglecta

Marsh frog, Edible frog

Muscle, subcutaneous tissue

–

Absent

[13]

Oswaldofilariinae

     

 Oswaldofilaria petersi

Crocodilurus

Mesentery, intestine and thigh muscles

–

Absent

[13]

 Piratuba scaffi

Lizard jungle runner

Skin

 

Absent

[12]

Waltonellinae

     

 Ochoterenella phyllomedusa

Toads

–

Culicine mosquitoes

Absent

[13]

 Ochoterenella royi

Cane toad

–

–

Absent

[12]

 Ochoterenella sp. 1

Giant leaf frog

–

–

Absent

[12]