Prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis in the towns of Ñorquinco and Ramos Mexia in Rio Negro Province, Argentina, and direct risk factors for infection

Uchiumi, Leonardo; Mujica, Guillermo; Araya, Daniel; Salvitti, Juan Carlos; Sobrino, Mariano; Moguillansky, Sergio; Solari, Alejandro; Blanco, Patricia; Barrera, Fabiana; Lamunier, Janete; Arezo, Marcos; Seleiman, Marcos; Yadon, Zaida E.; Tamarozzi, Francesca; Casulli, Adriano; Larrieu, Edmundo

doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04753-y

Table 1 Demographic and risk factors for abdominal cystic echinococcosis in Ñorquinco and Ramos Mexia, Rio Negro, Argentina, 2019

From: Prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis in the towns of Ñorquinco and Ramos Mexia in Rio Negro Province, Argentina, and direct risk factors for infection

Variables	POP**	US+* (n = 42)		US−* (n = 850)		PR (95%CI)	P-value
Variables	N	N	%	N	%	PR (95%CI)	P-value
Residence
Norquinco	309	13	30.9	296	34.8	1
Ramos Mexia	583	29	69.1	554	65.2	1.18 (0.62–2.24)	0.608
Total	892	42		850
Living location
Urban	682	24	57.1	658	77.4	1
Rural	210	18	42.9	192	22.6	2.43 (1.34–4.40)	0.003
Total	892	42		850
Age groups (years)
0–19	317	3	7.1	314	37.0	1
20–39	219	6	14.3	213	25.1	2.89 (0.73–11.46)	0.130
40–59	244	14	33.3	230	27.2	6.0 (1.7–20.8)	0.004
> 60	110	19	45.3	91	10.7	18.2 (5.5–60.5)	0.000
Total	890	42		848
Sex
Female	514	18	42.9	496	58.4	1
Male	378	24	57.1	354	41.6	1.81 (0.99.29)	0.051
Total	892	42		850
Dog ownership in the past 5 years
No	70	2	5.1	68	9.4	1
Yes	692	37	94.9	655	90.6	1.87 (0.46–7.60)	0.381
Total	762	39		723
Touch dogs
Never	175	6	15.0	169	20.8	1
Rarely	146	9	22.5	137	16.7	1.79 (0.65–4.93)	0.255
Frequently	535	25	62.5	510	62.5	1.36 (0.56–3.26)	0.488
Total	856	40		816
Eat vegetables grown in a kitchen garden
Never	510	23	56.1	487	59.5	1
Rarely	213	11	26.9	202	24.7	1.14 (0.56–2.30)	0.705
Frequently	136	7	17.0	129	15.8	1.14 (0.50–2.60)	0.754
Total	859	41		818
Nail biting
No	654	36	85.7	618	75.0	1
Yes	212	6	14.3	206	25.0	0.51 (0.21–1.20)	0.125
Total	866	42		824
Smoking
No	691	33	78.6	658	88.4	1
Yes	95	9	21.4	86	11.6	1.98 (0.97- 4.01)	0.057
Total	786	42		744
Use toothpicks or chew blade of grass
No	581	26	63.4	555	73.5	1
Yes	215	15	36.6	200	26.5	1.55 (0.84- 2.88)	0.158
Total	796	41		755
Hand washing before cooking
Never	795	39	92.9	756	94.5	1
Every time	47	3	7.1	38	4.7	1.30 (0.41–4.05)	0.650
Type of drinking water
Always public network or bottled	636	22	52.4	614	73.3	1
Occasionally non-potable	108	8	19.0	100	11.9	2.14 (0.97–4.68)	0.057
Always non-potable	136	12	28.6	124	14.8	2.55 (1.29–5.02)	0.007
Total	880	42		838
Have relatives with CE in the household
No	559	29	76.3	530	75.8	1
Yes	179	9	23.7	170	24.2	0.96 (0.46–2.00)	0.933
Total	738	38		700
Resided in rural areas during the first 5 years of life
No	418	8	20.5	410	58.5	1
Yes	322	31	79.5	291	41.5	5.03 (2.34–10.79)	0.000
Total	740	39		701
Years lived in the area of the current address
< 5 years	133	1	2.5	132	17.0	1
5 to 10 years	139	5	12.5	134	17.0	4.78 (0.56–40.46)	0.151
11 to 20 years	209	3	7.5	206	26.0	1.90 (0.20–18.18)	0.574
> 20 years	346	32	77.5	315	40.0	12.26 (1.69–88.96)	0.013
Total	827	41		787

PR prevalence rate
^*U+: CE cysts on abdominal ultrasound; US−: no CE cysts on abdominal ultrasound; POP: number of people studied

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ISSN: 1756-3305

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