Table 1 Developmental parameters of Culicoides obsoletus (s.l.) subadult life stages under five rearing conditions (RCs)
| Â | RC1 | RC2 | RC3 | RC4 | RC5 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | 28 | 24 | 24 | 20/16 Day/night | 20/16 Day/night |  |
Nematodes/algae | X | X | X | X | X | Â |
Dung patches | – | – | X | – | X |  |
No. eggs | 1905 | 1748 | 1852 | 903 | 1102 | 7510 |
Egg hatching rate (%) | 60 | 87 | 40 | 14 | 8 | 48 |
No. hatched eggs | 1140 | 1515 | 738 | 129 | 89 | 3611 |
Larval survival ratea (%) | 13 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 16 | 14 |
No. larvae | 147 | 224 | 104 | 9 | 14 | 498 |
Pupation rate (%) | 74 | 98 | 91 | 55.5 | 86 | 88.5 |
No. pupae | 109 | 220 | 95 | 5 | 12 | 441 |
Adult emergence rate (%) | 39 | 50 | 73 | 40 | 83 | 52.5 |
No. adults | 42 | 109 | 69 | 2 | 10 | 232 |
No. ♂ adults | 42 | 83 | 53 | 1 | 5 | 184 |
No. ♀ adults | 0 | 26 | 16 | 1 | 5 | 48 |
Sex ratio (♂:♀) | 1:0 | 3:1 | 3:1 | 1:1 | 1:1 |  |
Average overall development time (days) | 26 | 26 | 21 | 33 | 30 | Â |